不同施氮量对小麦-玉米轮作体系氮素利用的影响  

Effects of different nitrogen application rates on nitrogen use in wheat-maize rotation system

作　　者：张皖玉 张志勇[1] 张潇斌 韦一昊 熊淑萍[1] 王小纯[2] 马新明[1] ZHANG Wanyu;ZHANG Zhiyong;ZHANG Xiaobin;WEI Yihao;XIONG Shuping;WANG Xiaochun;MA Xinming(College of Agronomy,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450046,China;College of Life Sciences,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450046,China)

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学农学院,河南郑州450046 [2]河南农业大学生命科学学院,河南郑州450046

出　　处：《河南农业大学学报》2024年第4期562-572,共11页Journal of Henan Agricultural University

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1700900)。

摘　　要：【目的】探究小麦季不同施氮量对小麦-玉米周年轮作体系氮素利用的影响,为该体系合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】采用小麦氮低效品种AK58和氮高效品种ZM27,以及玉米品种大丰30,研究了小麦不同施氮量(0、120、225、330、435 kg·hm^(-2))和玉米225 kg·hm^(-2)施氮量对全年粮食产量、氮素利用率、氮素平衡、土壤硝态氮迁移及土壤氮素转化的影响。【结果】(1)AK58和ZM27均在330 kg·hm^(-2)施氮处理下产量达到最高,但与225和435 kg·hm^(-2)处理无显著差异。(2)AK58和ZM27的氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力都在120 kg·hm^(-2)时最高,分别为35.05%和38.97%、67.10和67.52 kg·kg^(-1),且随着施氮量的增加而减小。(3)玉米季产量及氮肥偏生产力都随着小麦季施氮量的增加而增加。(4)小麦季施氮量越高,残留氮和表观损失率越高,AK58和ZM27的435 kg·hm^(-2)施氮处理残留氮为263.81和270.30 kg·hm^(-2),损失率分别为56.35%和52.83%。(5)施氮主要影响0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,20~100 cm的土壤全氮含量基本稳定在0.5 g·kg^(-1)。小麦季施氮能增加后茬玉米0~100 cm土层硝态氮含量,在大喇叭口期最为明显,随着生育期的推移,各施氮处理之间的差距逐渐缩小,在吐丝期和成熟期,硝态氮在40~60 cm土层有积累。【结论】该试验条件下,综合考虑氮肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系产量、氮肥利用效率及硝态氮迁移的影响,小麦与玉米两季氮肥施用量均为225 kg·hm^(-2),有利于实现节氮增效和环境友好的绿色生产目标。【Objective】To provide theoretical basis for the reasonable fertilization of wheat-maize anniversary rotation system,the effects of different nitrogen application rates in the wheat season on the nitrogen use in the system was explored.【Method】The nitrogen inefficient wheat cultivar AK58 nitrogen efficient wheat cultivar ZM27 and maize cultivar Dafeng 30 were used to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates(0,120,225,330,435 kg·hm^(-2))in wheat season and 225 kg·hm^(-2)nitrogen in maize season on annual grain yield,nitrogen utilization efficiency,nitrogen balance,soil nitrate nitrogen migration,and soil nitrogen transformation.【Result】The results showed that:(1)The yield of AK58 and ZM27 reached the highest at 330 kg·hm^(-2)nitrogen treatment,without significant difference from 225 kg·hm^(-2)and 435 kg·hm^(-2)nitrogen treatment.(2)The nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity of AK58 and ZM27 were the highest at 120 kg·hm^(-2),being 35.05%and 38.97%,67.10 kg·kg^(-1)and 67.52 kg·kg^(-1)respectively,and reduced with the increase of nitrogen application rate.(3)The yield of maize and nitrogen partial factor productivity increased with the nitrogen application rate increase in wheat season.(4)The more nitrogen was applied in wheat season,the more the residual nitrogen and the nitrogen apparent loss rate of wheat.In the 435 kg·hm^(-2)nitrogen treatment,the residual nitrogen of AK58 and ZM27 was 263.81 kg·hm^(-2)and 270.30 kg·hm^(-2),and the loss rates were 56.35%and 52.83%,respectively.(5)Nitrogen application rates mainly affected the total nitrogen content of 0 to 20 cm soil layer,but the total nitrogen content of 20 to 100 cm soil layer was basically stable at 0.5 g·kg^(-1).Nitrogen application in the wheat season could increase the nitrate content in the 0 to 100 cm soil layer of the stubble maize season,which was most significant at the big trumpet stage.With the maize development,the differences of the nitrate content among different treatment

关 键 词：小麦-玉米 施氮量 氮素残留 氮素利用率 土壤硝态氮 土壤全氮含量 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]