论公证调解的实践困境、理论基础与优化路径  

The Practical Dilemma,Theoretical Basis and Optimization Path of Notarial Mediation

作　　者：张海燕[1,2] 华蕴志 Zhang Haiyan;Hua Yunzhi(School of Law,Shandong University,Qingdao 266237,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学法学院,青岛266237 [2]山东大学国家治理研究院,青岛266237

出　　处：《山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第4期142-155,共14页Journal of Shandong University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目“公证法修改背景下赋强公证债权文书执行制度研究”(22SFB3017);山东省社科基金重点项目“创新性国家战略视角下知识产权保护机制的现代化”(22BFXJ01)。

摘　　要：作为多元化纠纷解决机制的组成部分,公证调解体现了公证制度由“纠纷预防”向“纠纷解决”的功能扩张。其制度发展大致沿循中国式法治现代化道路,经历了小调解、大调解以及司法辅助事务参与三个阶段,但实践中存在的运行无序性、发展依附性与功能模糊性三重困境阻碍了其解纷效能的发挥。在理论层面,多中心社会治理模式、“案多人少”困境下公民合法权益保障,构成公证调解的外部正当性基础,功能扩张的公证改革总趋势、评价型调解、多元公证业务衔接的比较优势,构成公证调解的内部正当性基础;来源于公证权的调解权与定性为社会调解的制度属性,使得公证调解独立于人民调解和司法权。在制度层面,应当以规范化逻辑为指引,确立完善公证调解制度的“三步走”总体方案,以社会化逻辑为导向明确多元化调解类型与调解模式,以专业化逻辑为牵引发挥衔接多元公证业务结案方式的调解协议执行优势。可采用“一般涵盖+重点突出+负面清单”的基本思路确定调解范围,同时适用单一“认证调解员”制度,并采用“规定上限+弹性计费”方式确定调解费用。Notarial mediation is not merely a preventive legal system;it also serves the function of resolving disputes.Consequently,it should be incorporated into the multifaceted framework of dispute resolution mechanisms employed in the context of litigation governance.The historical evolution of notarial mediation can be roughly divided into three stages:the“limited mediation”model,the“extensive mediation”model,and the“judicial auxiliary affairs participation”model.These stages demonstrate development characteristics that resonate with the modernization of the rule of law in China.However,notarial mediation faces the following three dilemmas in practice,which seriously affect its effectiveness in resolving disputes:(1)disorderly operation of the system due to lack of normativity;(2)reliance on people’s mediation and judicial power;(3)blurring of institutional functions.At the theoretical level,the legitimacy and independence of notarial mediation need to be demonstrated.First,notarial mediation has both internal and external bases of legitimacy.The polycentric social governance model and the protection of citizens’legitimate rights and interests constitute the external legitimacy basis of notarial mediation.Meanwhile,the general trend of notarial reform,including functional expansion,evaluation-type mediation,and the comparative advantages of mediation at the interface with multifaceted notarial services,constitute the internal legitimacy basis of notarial mediation.Second,the key to the independence of notarial mediation from people’s mediation lies in the source of the right to mediate.The mediation power of people’s mediation essentially belongs to the power of mass self-governance at the grassroots level,while the mediation power of notarial mediation is derived from the notarization power.Finally,the key to the independence of notarial mediation from judicial power lies in its institutional attributes.Whether analyzed from the perspective of the nature of the mediation power or the nature of the

关 键 词：公证调解 公证权 社会调解 多元化纠纷解决机制 国家治理现代化 

分 类 号：D926.6[政治法律—法学]