在业之难:1930年代初中国纺织女工的工作画像  

Difficulty of Being in the Workforce:A Portrait of Chinese Women Textile Workers at Work in the Early 1930s

作　　者：王文浩 WANG Wen-hao(School of Marxism,Wuhan University,Wuhan,Hubei 430072)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《怀化学院学报》2024年第3期59-64,共6页Journal of Huaihua University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国共产党加强政治建设的百年实践和经验研究”(22AZD022)。

摘　　要：1930年代初,在资本主义生产方式下,中国纺织女工的工作与生存境遇颇为严苛。不少纺织工厂随意延长工作时间,榨取女工的绝对剩余价值,几乎没有给予女工丝毫的劳动保障,生育保护措施更为缺乏。资本主义工厂内盛行的“包身工”“养成工”等制度,迫使大量纺织女工坠入苦难深渊。普遍存在的男女同工不同酬问题,不仅损害了女工的职业权益,又使得唯利是图的资本家更加青睐“耐用”又“廉价”的女工,招致男子的不满,形成两性职业竞争。随着大萧条在全球蔓延、战争原因导致日资纺织厂减产停业,以及延及数省的水旱灾害等引发大规模失业浪潮,使得在业工人的职业压力倍增,激化了业已存在的两性职业竞争。In the early 1930s,under the capitalist mode of production,the working and living conditions of female textile workers in China were quite harsh.Many textile factories arbitrarily extended working hours to extract the absolute surplus value of female workers,and provided them with almost no labor protection,not to mention maternity protection.The system of“bonded labor”and“foster labor”prevalent in capitalist factories has forced a large number of female textile workers into an abyss of misery.The widespread problem of unequal pay for equal work between men and women not only undermined the occupational rights and interests of women workers,but also made profit-oriented capitalists more favorable to“durable”and“cheap”women workers,which led to men's dissatisfaction and the formation of occupational competition between the two genders.With the global spread of the Great Depression,the reduction and closure of Japanese-owned textile factories due to the war,and the massive wave of unemployment caused by the drought and flooding in several provinces,the occupational pressure on employed workers has increased,intensifying the existing occupational rivalry between the two genders.

关 键 词：1930年代 纺织女工 职业竞争 妇女解放 

分 类 号：K201[历史地理—历史学]