地球系统演化对中国海相超深层油气形成与富集的控制作用  

Control of Earth system evolution on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petroleum in China

作　　者：张水昌[1,2] 王华建 苏劲[1,2] 王晓梅 何坤[1,2] 柳宇柯 ZHANG Shuichang;WANG Huajian;SU Jin;WANG Xiaomei;HE Kun;LIU Yuke(PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development,Beijing 100083,China;CNPC Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry,Beijing 100083,China)

机构地区：[1]中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京100083 [2]中国石油天然气集团有限公司油气地球化学重点实验室,北京100083

出　　处：《石油勘探与开发》2024年第4期759-773,共15页Petroleum Exploration and Development

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0603101);国家自然科学基金项目(42225303,42372162,42102146);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)项目(XDA14010101);中国石油基础性前瞻性重大科技专项项目(2023ZZ0203)。

摘　　要：以四川盆地和塔里木盆地古生界为例,详细论述了地球系统演化和多圈层相互作用对中国海相超深层油气形成与富集的控制作用。通过探讨超大陆散聚和区域构造运动控制下的盆地“源-储-盖”叠置发育和匹配程度,以及温压系统和断裂输导体系控制的油气生成和富集机制,发现华南和塔里木陆块同步漂移过程中,两次经过低纬度哈德里环流带的热带辐合区(ITCZ),均形成了优质烃源岩;提出深部构造活动和地表气候演变共同控制了四川盆地和塔里木盆地超深层烃源岩、储层和盖层的类型和发育层位,形成了埃迪卡拉系—寒武系、寒武系—奥陶系、寒武系—二叠系和二叠系—三叠系的多个油气系统。源-储-盖匹配程度、烃源岩母质类型、盆地深部热体制和跨构造期埋深-隆升过程,联合控制油气从生成到富集的全过程,形成了台缘带近源充注成藏、高能滩远源断裂连通成藏、走滑破裂带立体成藏3种油气富集模式,最终促使四川盆地超深层多层系天然气富集和塔里木盆地超深层油气共富集。Taking the Paleozoic of the Sichuan and Tarim basins as example,the controlling effects of the Earth system evolution and multi-spherical interactions on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petroleum in China have been elaborated.By discussing the development of “source-reservoir-seal” controlled by the breakup and assembly of supercontinents and regional tectonic movements,and the mechanisms of petroleum generation and accumulation controlled by temperature-pressure system and fault conduit system,it was found that both the South China and Tarim blocks passed through the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ) of the low-latitude Hadley Cell twice during their drifts,and formed hydrocarbon source rocks with high quality.It is proposed that deep tectonic activities and surface climate evolution jointly controlled the types and stratigraphic positions of ultra-deep hydrocarbon source rocks,reservoirs,and seals in the Sichuan and Tarim basins,forming multiple petroleum systems in the Ediacaran-Cambrian,Cambrian-Ordovician,Cambrian-Permian and Permian-Triassic strata.The matching degree of source-reservoir-seal,the type of organic matter in source rocks,the deep thermal regime of basin,and the burial-uplift process across tectonic periods collectively control the entire process from the generation to the accumulation of oil and gas.Three types of oil and gas enrichment models are formed,including near-source accumulation in platform marginal zones,distant-source accumulation in high-energy beaches through faults,and three-dimensional accumulation in strike-slip fault zones,which ultimately result in the multi-layered natural gas enrichment in ultra-deep layers of the Sichuan Basin and co-enrichment of oil and gas in the ultra-deep layers of the Tarim Basin.

关 键 词：地球系统演化 圈层相互作用 古生界 海相超深层油气 塔里木盆地 四川盆地 

分 类 号：TE122[石油与天然气工程—油气勘探]