岩爆机制及其控制  

Rockburst Mechanism and Control

作　　者：何满潮[1] 李杰宇 刘冬桥[1] 陶志刚[1] 胡杰[1] 王炯[1] HE Manchao;LI Jieyu;LIU Dongqiao*;TAO Zhigang;HU Jie;WANG Jiong(State Key Laboratory for Tunnel Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Beijing 100083,China)

机构地区：[1]中国矿业大学(北京)隧道工程灾变防控与智能建养全国重点实验室,北京100083

出　　处：《隧道建设（中英文）》2024年第7期1321-1336,I0005-I0020,共32页Tunnel Construction

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(41941018,52074299);中央高校基本科研业务费资助(2021JCCXSB03)。

摘　　要：随着岩体工程向深部发展,开挖引发的围岩大变形和强冲击诱发的动力破坏日益严峻。岩爆作为深部地下工程中常见的一种强动力灾害,被称为岩土工程界的“癌症”,其具有突发性特点,难以有效预报及防治,严重地威胁着施工人员的安全和设备的正常运行。通过对比岩石在真三轴卸荷和单轴压缩这2种应力路径下的储能差异,对岩爆多余能量机制进行探讨。首先,根据岩爆诱发机制的不同,将岩爆分为由应力集中导致的应变型岩爆和扰动诱发的冲击岩爆。然后,模拟开挖诱发的不同类型岩爆的应力路径进而在室内再现各种岩爆现象,并对其机制进行研究,自主研发3套真三轴岩爆模拟试验系统:第1代应变岩爆试验系统、第2代应变岩爆试验系统、冲击岩爆试验系统。同时,在实验室内成功模拟不同类型的岩爆:巷道应变岩爆、巷道交叉点应变岩爆、3个临空面矿柱应变岩爆、矿柱应变岩爆以及动荷载诱发的冲击岩爆。最后,为有效控制岩爆灾害,提出开挖补偿法,并研发具有负泊松比效应的宏观和微观NPR锚杆/索。工程实践证明,NPR锚杆/索能提供高预应力来补偿开挖造成的应力损失,同时具备良好的延展性和吸能效果,可为岩爆灾害的防治提供有效途径。The challenges posed by significant deformation of surrounding rock masses induced by excavation and the dynamic failure triggered by strong impacts are becoming increasingly severe as deep rock engineering advances.Rockburst,a common dynamic hazard in deep underground engineering,is referred to as the"cancer"of the geotechnical engineering community because of its suddenness.This characteristic makes effective prediction and prevention difficult,thus seriously endangering the safety of construction personnel and the normal operation of equipment.In this study,the authors explore the mechanism of excess energy in rockburst by comparing the energy storage differences of rocks under true triaxial unloading and uniaxial compression stress paths.Rockbursts are categorized into strainburst and disturbance-induced impact rockbursts on the basis of different mechanisms of rockburst initiation.To simulate the stress paths of different types of rockbursts induced by excavation and reproduce various rockburst phenomena indoors for mechanism research,the authors′team independently developed three sets of true triaxial rockburst simulation experimental systems.They are 1-G strainburst,2-G strainburst,and impact rockburst experimental systems.Different types of rockbursts were successfully simulated in the laboratory.The authors include roadway strainbursts,roadway intersection strainbursts,strainbursts of three free face pillars,strainbursts of pillars,and impact rockbursts induced by dynamic loads.The authors propose an excavation compensation method and develope macroscopic and microscopic anchors/cables with negative Poisson′s ratio(NPR)effects to effectively control rockburst disasters.Engineering practice has proven that NPR anchors/cables can provide high prestress to compensate for stress loss caused by excavation.Moreover,they possess good ductility and energy absorption effects.As a result,NPR anchors/cables offer an effective approach for the prevention and control of rockburst disasters.

关 键 词：岩爆机制 岩爆试验 多余能量 岩爆分类 岩爆控制 开挖补偿法 NPR锚杆/索 

分 类 号：U45[建筑科学—桥梁与隧道工程]