从预约到前合同协议——合意多样性视角下的类型化  

From Preliminary Contract to Pre-contractual Agreements

作　　者：夏静宜 XIA Jingyi

机构地区：[1]扬州大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2024年第4期113-132,共20页Chinese Journal of Law

基　　金：2022年度江苏高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目“婚约财产返还的请求权基础研究”(2022SJYB2124)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：通过对比较法上前合同协议各种形态的考察,可以提炼出关于本约客观必要之点的合意、控制合同成立时点的合意、规范缔约过程的合意三项意思要素,并以此为标准,将前合同协议划分为“突破制度障碍型”“应对合同风险型”“赋予完结权型”“规范前合同行为型”四类。赋予完结权型在本约转化机制方面较为高效,且具有经济价值,但在我国司法实践中彻底缺位。我国学说多以某类前合同协议为模型,划定预约的概念范畴,进而推导出预约的效力规则。这种做法并无实益,还将导致我们对前合同协议的想象固化于某种特定类型之上,阻碍合意多样性的实现。采用前合同协议这一框架性概念统摄前合同阶段的各种合意,并将前合同协议的效力认定诉诸对当事人合意的确定和解释,是更为合理的选择。在开展现行法解释之际,应当首先明确其所采用的预约模型是何种类型的前合同协议,以及与之相适配的效力规则为何,并在这种预约之外,广泛认可其他类型的前合同协议的存在可能性。By examining the forms of pre-contractual agreements in comparative law,three elements of intentions,namely,consensus on the objective necessity of a contract,consensus to control the formation time of a contract,and consensus to regulate the process of contracting,can be distilled.Using this as a criterion,pre-contractual agreements can be categorized into four types,namely,"breaking through institutional barriers type","addressing contractual risks type","granting completion rights type",and"regulating pre-contractual behavior type".The"granting completion rights type"is more efficient in terms of the mechanism to transform into a formal contract and has economic value,but is completely absent in the Chinese judicial practice.Most of the relevant doctrines in China use a certain type of precontractual agreement as a model to delineate the conceptual scope of preliminary contracts and then deduce the rules for their validity.Such an approach would be unhelpful and could also lead to the crystallization of our imagination of pre-contractual agreements into a particular type,hindering the realization of consensual diversity.A more reasonable approach would be to adopt the framework concept of precontractual agreements to encompass various types of intention at the pre-contractual stage and resort to the determination and interpretation of the parties'consensus for the validity of the pre-contractual agreements.In interpreting the lex lata,we should first clarify the type of pre-contractual agreement envisaged as a preliminary contract and the rules of validity applicable to it,and then widely recognize other types of pre-contractual agreement as viable.

关 键 词：预约 本约 前合同协议 缔约过失责任 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]