故意是主观违法要素吗?——主观违法要素论的谱系学考察  

Is Intentionality a Subjective Element of Illegality?

作　　者： 何沛锡(译) Matsuzawa Shin;He Peixi

机构地区：[1]日本早稻田大学法学部 [2]中国人民大学法学院 [3]京都大学法学研究科

出　　处：《法治社会》2024年第4期115-126,共12页Law-Based Society

基　　金：国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目(项目批准号:202306360214)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：“故意是否属于主观违法要素”是主观违法要素理论中的核心问题。对于此问题,结果无价值论内部发展出三种观点。平野龙一旨在实现刑法的功能化,其肯定未遂犯故意属于主观违法要素。中山研一强调刑法对人权的保障,否认所有的主观违法要素。内田文昭坚持传统的客观违法性论,同样否定所有的主观违法要素。因为全面否定主观违法要素并不一定有利于保障人权,所以中山说受到诸多批判。因为固执地坚守客观违法性论,所以内田说也逐渐退出学术舞台。平野说则得到了进一步的改进与发展。如今,面向实务的日本刑法理论已经不再关心“故意是否属于主观违法要素”这一体系定位问题,而是更关心“如何才能准确认定法益侵害性”这一实务问题。重视问题性思考也是平野说能够发展至今的原因之一。在问题式思考的光芒下,“某某要素是否属于主观违法要素”这种讨论模式实际上已经不再具有任何意义。The question of“whether intentionality is the subjective element of illegality”is the core issue in the theory of subjective elements of illegality.Regarding this issue,three viewpoints have emerged within the theory of Erfolgsunwert(result-oriented illegality).Hirano Ryuichi,aiming to functionalize criminal law,exceptionally affirms that intention in attempted crimes is a subjective element of illegality.Nakayama Kenichi emphasizes the protection of human rights by criminal law and denies all subjective elements of illegality.Uchida Fumiaki adheres to the traditional objective theory of illegality and also negates all subjective elements of illegality.Nakayama’s view has been widely criticized because completely denying subjective elements of illegality does not necessarily benefit human rights protection.Uchida's view has gradually faded from academic discourse due to its rigid adherence to the objective theory of illegality.Hirano’s view has been further improved and developed.Today,Japanese criminal law theory oriented towards practice no longer focuses on the systemic status of criminal intention but rather on the practical issue of“how to accurately determine harm to legal interests.”The emphasis on problematic thinking is one reason why Hirano’s view has developed to this day.Under the light of problematic thinking,the discussion model of“whether a certain element belongs to subjective elements of illegality”no longer holds any significance.

关 键 词：主观违法要素 结果无价值 未遂故意 体系性地位 问题思考 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]