明代方面官的迁转惯例——以小转法为中心的考察  

The Regional Supervisors’Promotion Practice in the Ming Dynasty:Centering on Xiao Zhuan Fa

作　　者：余璐 Yu Lu

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学人文学院,上海200234

出　　处：《史学月刊》2024年第7期34-47,共14页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：明中后期的方面官迁转,有藩臬递转、每升一级的小转法,亦即由正五品佥事升从四品参议、从四品参议升正四品副使的逐级挨升的迁转惯例。这一迁转惯例打破了此前方面官每升二级、台省不通的迁转习惯。对照“明实录”所载方面官迁转履历与明人的相关论述,可得出如下结论:藩臬递转、每升一级的迁转事例早在明初推行保举、会举制后就已存在,但其大量出现,始自刘瑾当政的正德初年,既有笼络朝士、展现权威之意,亦是为缓解方面官缺大幅裁革后缺少人多的窘境。小转法的惯例化,与方面官位于内外中低级官员晋升高级京堂官的枢纽位置,官缺有限但官员众多的结构性困境有关。在明中后期官僚人数日益增加的现实压力下,方面官小转一级的趋势难以遽停,成为禁而不止、沿至明末的迁转惯例。In the middle and late Ming dynasty,there was a customary practice named Xiao Zhuan Fa in the promotion of Regional Supervisors.According to Xiao Zhuan Fa,Qianshi(佥事)was promoted to Canyi(参议),whose rank changed from 5ato 4b,and Canyi was promoted to Fushi(副使),whose rank changed from 4bto 4a,and so on and so forth.The customary practice of only one grade up per promotion broke the previous practice of two grades up per promotion.This paper compares the detailed information of the officials’promotion recorded in Ming Shilu with related accounts of the Ming people and draws the following conclusions.When Huiju was introduced at the beginning of the Ming dynasty,there had already been examples of Regional Supervisors who were promoted only one grade per time.However,examples of Regional Supervisors being promoted one grade each time appeared in large numbers in the early years of Emperor Zhengde’s reign,when Liu Jin was in power.Promoting one grade at one time not only enabled Liu Jin to enlist officials and demonstrate his personal authority,but also alleviated the dilemma of lack of posts for so many people following the drastic downsizing of Regional Supervisor vacancies.The regularization of the practice of Regional Supervisors being promoted one grade each time was attributed to the structural dilemma that the official positions were limited while the officials were numerous,as well as the pivotal position of Regional Supervisors in the promotion of officials from lower to higher positions.Under the realistic pressure of the increasing number of bureaucrats in the middle and late Ming dynasty,the tendency of Regional Supervisors being promoted one grade each time couldn’t be stopped immediately,and became an important promotion practice that was banned but continued until the end of the Ming dynasty.

关 键 词：明代 方面官迁转 小转法 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]