旧将焉在:晋末宋初北府的权力重组  

Old Generals Were Gone: Power Reorganization in Beifu Forces in the Late Eastern Jin and the Early Liu Song

作　　者：李祎凝 Li Yining

机构地区：[1]武汉大学历史学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《史学月刊》2024年第8期5-19,共15页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：东晋末期,以刘牢之自缢为标志,旧有北府最终走向解体。直到刘裕京口举义,击败桓玄,北府方得以重建。从刘牢之到刘裕,北府内部不仅权力主体发生变动,其权力结构也与昔日迥然有别。在刘牢之统领时,北府尚未形成严格的统属关系。刘牢之虽名为北府领袖,实则并无权力节制所有兵力,最终亦因此为桓玄所败。刘牢之死后,北府旧将或被桓玄收编,或流亡至十六国北族政权,依违于南北之间。刘裕逐灭桓玄后,以刘敬宣、司马休之为代表的流亡北府将领得以重返故土,凭借其在北府兵中的号召力,被刘裕授予显职,但终究实权有限。而旧有北府松散的权力架构,也被刘毅、孟昶等京口新贵继承。北府存在的权力分化倾向,始终与刘裕重树皇权的集权需要相冲突。义熙年间,通过讨伐刘毅、诸葛长民、司马休之等人,刘裕将北府军权集中于一身,同时在地缘层面将北府统治扩大到长江上游。北府中的旧将与新贵,最终被整合进以刘裕为主导的集权体制内,而北府的集权化转型,也为刘宋皇权专制与中央集权提供了军事基础。At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, marked by Liu Laozhi's suicide, Beifu finally disintegrated.It wasn't reestablished until Liu Yu and others rebelled from Jingkou and defeated Huan Xuan.From Liu Laozhi to Liu Yu, not only had the power corpus changed within Beifu, but its power structure was also quite different from the past.Under Liu Laozhi's leadership, Beifu had not yet formed a strict chain of command.Although Liu Laozhi was the leader of Beifu, he did not have the power to control all his forces, and was thus defeated by Huan Xuan in the end.After Liu Laozhi's death, the old generals of Beifu were either absorbed by Huan Xuan or exiled to the northern ethnic regimes.After Liu Yu defeated Huan Xuan, the remnants of Beifu represented by Liu Jingxuan and Sima Xiuzhi were able to return to their homeland.By virtue of their appeal in the Beifu forces, the old generals were granted prominent positions by Liu Yu, but their real power was limited.The loose power structure of old Beifu was also inherited by Liu Yi, Meng Chang and other founders from Jingkou.The tendency to divide power in Beifu conflicted with Liu Yu's need to centralize the imperial power.During the period of Yixi, Liu Yu gradually concentrated the military power of Beifu by attacking Liu Yi, Zhuge Changmin, Sima Xiuzhi and others, and extended Beifu's domination to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River at the geographical level.The old and new generals of Beifu were eventually integrated into the centralized system led by Liu Yu, and the centralized transformation of Beifu forces also provided a military basis for the imperial autocracy of Liu Song.

关 键 词：晋宋嬗代 桓玄 北府旧将 刘裕 京口新贵 

分 类 号：K235[历史地理—历史学]