气体扩散法、铀浓缩与苏联核工业(1945—1964)  

The Gaseous Diffusion Method,the Uranium Enrichment and the Soviet Nuclear Industry,1945-1964

作　　者：师成 张广翔[1] Shi Cheng;Zhang Guangxiang

机构地区：[1]吉林大学东北亚研究中心,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《史学月刊》2024年第8期80-88,共9页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“苏联核计划档案文献资料翻译整理研究”(15ZDB064)。

摘　　要：1945—1964年,苏联建成了以气体扩散法为核心的铀浓缩工业。在苏德国专家研制成功了渗透率较高的筒状过滤器,极大提升了扩散设备的分离能力。苏联机械专家Н.М.西涅夫对单轴压缩机轴承进行了耐磨损改进,增强了设备运转稳定性。苏联数学家С.Л.索博列夫与德国物理学家古斯塔夫·赫兹设计了能够自动调节级联中气体流量的控制系统,这是苏联在工业自动化领域的重大突破。苏联化学家В.А.卡尔扎文解决了六氟化铀腐蚀问题,扫除了气体扩散生产的最后一道障碍。上述问题的解决使苏联掌握了气体扩散法,开始批量生产核工业的基础原料——浓缩铀。苏联铀浓缩研发活动一方面加剧了美苏核军备竞赛,另一方面助推了和平利用原子能事业的发展,还为今天的俄罗斯留下了丰厚的“核遗产”。From 1945 to 1964,the Soviet Union established the uranium enrichment industry based on the gaseous diffusion method.German specialists successfully developed cartridge filters, which greatly increased the separation capacity of gaseous diffusion plants.Mechanical expert N.M.Sinev improved the wear-resistance of single-axis compressor bearings, which enabled the stable operation of the gaseous diffusion plant.Mathematician С.L.Sobolev and physicist Gustav Hertz designed an automatic control system, which was the first Soviet practice in the field of automatic control of complex systems.Chemist V.A.Karzavin solved the problem of spontaneous decomposition of uranium hexafluoride by improving the equipment of the diffusion plant, removing the last obstacle to industrial production of gaseous diffusion.The solution of the above-mentioned problems marked the Soviet Union's mastery of enriched uranium production capabilities.On the one hand, the Soviet Union's uranium enrichment research and development activity intensified the US-Soviet nuclear arms race.On the other hand, it promoted the development of the peaceful use of atomic energy and left a rich “nuclear legacy” for today's Russia.

关 键 词：苏联 气体扩散法 铀浓缩 核军备竞赛 

分 类 号：K512.55[历史地理—历史学] K512.56[历史地理—世界史]