论美国跨境刑事数据调取中的国际礼让:以《云法案》为例的分析  

The International Comity in American Transitional Access to Electronic Data in Criminal Matters:An Analysis of the CLOUD Act

作　　者：孙永超 SUN Yong-chao

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学国家法治与发展研究中心,北京100088

出　　处：《求是学刊》2024年第3期126-139,共14页Seeking Truth

基　　金：教育部重大攻关课题“提高一体化推进‘三不腐’能力和水平研究”(22JZD022)。

摘　　要：美国《云法案》确立的向网络服务提供者调取非适格外国刑事数据的取证途径,本质上是绕开外国主权者而开展的单边跨境取证活动。为了应对可能产生的跨境取证法律冲突,《云法案》将国际礼让内嵌其中,并根据产生法律冲突的主体不同而构建了法定礼让分析与普通法礼让分析双重解决路径。然而借镜司法判例,《云法案》的国际礼让体系极可能承袭既往不平衡的礼让特点,在礼让分析的结果上压倒性支持美国单边跨境刑事调取。这是国际礼让理论在美国流变的结果。针对《云法案》国际礼让的特点,我国可兼采完善数据本地化立法的“对抗”措施与推动跨境刑事数据调取双(多)边合作机制升级的“调和”措施,以构建开放而有序的跨境刑事数据调取路径。The path of obtaining evidence,established by CLOUD Act in the United States,to collect noneligible foreign criminal data from network service providers is essentially a unilateral cross-border obtaining evidence activity that bypasses the foreign sovereign.To address potential conflicts of laws,the CLOUD Act incorporates international comity and establishes dual paths for analysis.In order to address the potential con⁃flict of law that may arise from cross-border forensics,the CLOUD Act embeds international comity and con⁃structs a dual resolution path of statutory and common law comity analyses depending on the subject that cre⁃ates the conflict of law.However,drawing on judicial precedent,the international comity system under the CLOUD Act is likely to follow the characteristics of the previous unbalanced comity,and overwhelmingly sup⁃port unilateral cross-border criminal takings by the United States in the results of comity analyses.This is the result of the flow of international comity theory in the United States.In response to the characteristics of the international comity of the CLOUD Act,China can adopt both the“confrontational”measures of improving data localization legislation and the“conciliatory”measures of promoting the upgrading of the bilateral(multi⁃lateral)co-operation mechanism for cross-border criminal data access,in order to build an open and orderly cross-border criminal data access path.

关 键 词：《云法案》 单边跨境取证 国际礼让 阻断法案 刑事司法协助 

分 类 号：D997.9[政治法律—刑法学]