战后日本学界国家神道认识的形成与嬗变  

The Formation and Evolution of the Understanding of‘State Shinto'in the Japanese Academia after the Second World War

作　　者：秦莲星 Qin Lianxing

机构地区：[1]山西大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第3期145-161,168,共18页World History

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“多维视角下的日本现代化专题研究”(项目编号:22JJD770040)的阶成果。

摘　　要：“国家神道”概念正式诞生于1945年颁布的“神道指令”中。该指令认为,国家神道是军国主义、极端国家主义思想之源泉,但因其未对国家神道的概念与内涵进行明确界定,为日本学界多种国家神道认识的产生埋下了伏笔。在对“国家神道的复活”抱有强烈危机感的驱使下,村上重良等将国家神道视作“国家宗教”,以指令中对国家神道的价值判断为前提,主张国家神道由神社神道与宫中祭祀结合而成,在统合国民思想和驱使国民参与战争方面发挥了重要作用;苇津珍彦等采用指令中对国家神道概念的狭义解释,将国家神道“窄化”为神社神道,提出国家神道不过是由政府官僚基于近代合理主义原则进行管理的“官僚神道”,淡化了国家神道所具有的意识形态作用;面对21世纪以来日本的右倾化趋势,岛菌进对苇津等的研究提出批判,他在回归指令价值判断的前提下,将国家神道视作一种“宗教民族主义”,主张国家神道是以宫中祭祀和天皇崇敬为核心内容,与日本民族主义紧密交织的神道式思想与实践。这三种典型的国家神道认识的形成与嬗变,与战后日本的政治形势、社会思潮以及学术发展水平等密切相关,其具体内容中体现出不同时期、不同主体对政教关系的现实关怀与历史认识。The concept of‘State Shinto'was officially born in the‘Shinto Directive'issued in 1945.The directive considered State Shinto the source of militarism and extreme nationalism.However,it did not clearly define the concept and connotation of State Shinto,which foreshadowed the emergence of a variety of State Shinto cognition in the Japanese academia.Driven by a strong sense of the crisis about the‘revival of State Shinto',Murakami Shigeyoshi and others regarded the State Shinto as a‘State religion'.On the basis of the value judgement of State Shinto in the directive,they argued that State Shinto was formed by the combination of the shrine Shinto and the sacrifice in the palace,which played an important role in integrating the national thought and driving the people to participate in the war.Ashizu Uzuhiko and others adopted the narrow interpretation of the concept of State Shinto in the directive and'narrowed'State Shinto into shrine Shinto.They proposed that State Shinto was only a‘bureaucratic Shinto'managed by government bureaucrats on the basis of the principle of modern rationalism,and diluted the ideological role of State Shinto.In the face of the right-leaning trend in Japan since the 21 s'century,Shimazono Susumu criticised the studies of Ashizu and others.On the premise of returning to the value judgement of instruction,he regarded State Shinto as a kind of‘religious nationalism'and argued that State Shinto was a Shinto thought and practice which was closely intertwined with the Japanese nationalism,with the core content of sacrifice in the palace and reverence for the emperor.The formation and evolution of those three typical understanding of State Shinto are closely related to the political situation,social trend of thought and academic development level of postwar Japan,and their specific contents reflect the realistic understanding of the relationship between the politics and the religion in different periods and different subjects.

关 键 词：日本学界 神道指令 国家神道 国家宗教 宗教民族主义 

分 类 号：K313.4[历史地理—历史学]