绿肥部分替代化肥对玉米干物质积累与产量形成的影响  

Effects of Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers with Green Manure on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield Formation of Maize

作　　者：秦文利[1] 智健飞[1] 谢楠[1] 张立锋 刘忠宽[1] 刘振宇[1] 冯伟[1] 潘璇 代云霞 QIN WenLi;ZHI JianFei;XIE Nan;ZHANG LiFeng;LIU ZhongKuan;LIU ZhenYu;FENG Wei;PAN Xuan;DAI YunXia(Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environment,Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Fertilizer Technology Innovation Center,Shijiazhuang 050051)

机构地区：[1]河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所/河北省肥料技术创新中心,石家庄050051

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第13期2549-2567,共19页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：河北省省级科技计划(21327503D);河北省农林科学院科技创新专项(2022KJCXZX-ZHS-7);河北省农林科学院基本科研业务费(2021130203)。

摘　　要：【目的】豆科绿肥部分替代化学氮肥是实现化肥减施的一项重要技术措施。通过探讨华北冬小麦季节性休耕区冬闲田种植翻压毛叶苕子和减量施氮对玉米干物质积累与转运、产量形成及花后叶片衰老特征的影响,以期为豆科冬绿肥的氮肥替代及玉米氮素资源的优化管理提供科学依据。【方法】于2020—2022年在河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所深州试验站开展二因素裂区田间试验,主处理为冬闲田(FF)、冬闲田种植并全量还田毛叶苕子(HV)2种模式,副处理为玉米施氮,设不施氮(0 N)、67.5 kg·hm^(-2)(25%N)、135.0 kg·hm^(-2)(50%N)、202.5 kg·hm^(-2)(75%N)、270.0 kg·hm^(-2)(100%N,常规施氮水平)5个氮肥用量,研究毛叶苕子还田和减量施氮对玉米产量与产量构成、穗部性状、干物质积累与转运、叶片衰老特性及土壤养分、酶活性变化的影响,并进一步分析农田的氮素盈余。【结果】毛叶苕子还田显著提高玉米产量,可弥补氮肥减施造成的玉米减产。2021—2022年毛叶苕子还田显著提高玉米产量(8.15%—9.21%),可弥补氮肥减施25%—50%所造成的减产。毛叶苕子连续还田明显降低玉米穗部性状秃尖长,显著提高穗长、穗粗和产量构成因素穗行数、行粒数、百粒重。毛叶苕子还田后玉米花前、花后干物质积累量、花后干物质积累率、花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率分别显著增加10.21—12.32 g/plant、39.94—72.37 g/plant、4.67%—4.78%、3.31%—3.99%,能弥补氮肥减施25%—50%对玉米花前干物质积累及花后干物质对籽粒贡献率的负效应。毛叶苕子还田显著延缓玉米花后叶片衰老。2021、2022年HV处理玉米花后绿叶面积分别增加303.44—1115.10、266.23—837.62 cm2/plant,相对绿叶面积分别提高1.12%—13.84%、0.56%—9.13%,Vmax分别降低0.30%、0.05%,Tmax分别延迟6.01、3.56 d。毛叶苕子连续还田后土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、碱解氮含【Objective】Replacing some chemical nitrogen fertilizers with leguminous green manure is an important technical measure to achieve reduced fertilizer application.The effects of hairy vetch which was planted to replace winter wheat and nitrogen reduction on the accumulation and transportation of dry matter accumulation,yield formation,and post flowering leaf senescence characteristics of maize in North China were studied,so as to provide a scientific basis for leguminous winter green manure substitution for chemical nitrogen fertilizer and optimized management of nitrogen resources in maize.【Method】The two-factor split plot field experiment was carried out from 2020 to 2022 at Shenzhou Experimental Station of Dryland Farming Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences.The two modes,including the winter fallow field(FF)and hairy vetch being planted in the winter fallow field and total returning(HV),were set as main treatment,and the five nitrogen application rates of maize were set as sub-treatment,including no nitrogen application(0 N),67.5 kg·hm^(-2)(25%N),135.0 kg·hm^(-2)(50%N),202.5 kg·hm^(-2)(75%N),and 270.0 kg·hm^(-2)(100%N,the conventional nitrogen application level).Yield and yield components,ear agronomic traits,dry matter accumulation and transport,leaf senescence characteristics of maize,and changes in soil nutrients and enzyme activity were investigated,moreover,the nitrogen surplus in farmland were analyzed.【Result】Returning hairy vetch to the field significantly increased maize yield and could compensate for the reduction in maize yield caused by chemical nitrogen reduction.From 2021 to 2022,the return of hairy vetch dramatically raised maize yield(8.15%-9.21%),which could compensate for the grain yield loss caused by 25%-50%reduction in nitrogen fertilization.Continuous return of hairy vetch significantly reduced the bare top length,dramatically increased the ear length,the ear diameter,and yield components,such as row number,kernels number per row,and hundred-grain

关 键 词：毛叶苕子 减量施氮 玉米 产量 干物质积累 土壤供氮能力 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]