法律家长主义视角下《民法典》合同制度的发展  

Development of the Contract Rules in the Civil Code from the Perspective of Legal Paternalism

作　　者：包丁裕睿 Bao Dingyurui

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《中外法学》2024年第4期1062-1080,共19页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：国家资助博士后研究人员计划(项目编号:GZC20233075)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：法律家长主义是限制民事主体自由的一项正当性依据,旨在通过强制性或引导性手段提高民事主体的福利。《民法典》中诸多合同规范的设计和解释都可以从法律家长主义的视角进行解读和检讨。就体现强制性的传统法律家长主义的规范而言,部分规范未能根据保护特定民事主体的目的严格限制其适用范围,对此类规范应进行目的性限缩;部分司法解释和法院裁判也存在以保护当事人之名过度限制合同自由的情况,在将法律家长主义纳入目的解释时,需予严格限制。就体现引导性的自由意志家长主义的规范而言,在设计民事法律规范时可以提供“菜单式”的提示性规定,在当事人地位不平等时还可以考虑惩罚性任意性规定;在解释上,如规范仅涉及当事人自身利益,应当尽量将其解释为倡导性规范而非强制性规范。有权机关运用法律家长主义时,应在正确事实判断的基础上充分说理论证。Legal paternalism is a justification for restricting the freedom of persons in civil law.It aims to promote the welfare of persons by compulsion or nudges.The design and interpretation of many contract rules in the PRC Civil Code can be understood and reviewed from the perspective of legal paternalism.As far as traditional mandatory legal paternalism is concerned,some rules fail to limit their scope of application according to the purpose of protecting specific parties,and such rules should be applied restrictively;many courts'decisions or judicial interpretations excessively restricts the parties'freedom of contract in the name of"protection",and it is suggested that courts should be restricted to use legal paternalism in purposive approach to interpretation.As far as libertarian paternalism is concerned,when designing legal rules,the legislator may consider providing more"menus"of possible options,and when the status of parties is unequal,it can also consider providing penalty default rules.When interpreting legal rules,if a rule only involves parties'own interests,it is preferrable to interpret it as an advisory rule rather than a mandatory rule.When competent authorities use legal paternalism as a justification,they should bear the burden of persuasion based on correct factual basis.

关 键 词：法律家长主义 助推 任意性规定 倡导性规定 合同解释 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]