硬岩非爆机械化采掘技术发展与展望  

Development and Prospect of Non-blasting Mechanized Mining and Heading Technology in Hard Rock

作　　者：王少锋[1] 石鑫垒 周子龙[1] WANG Shaofeng;SHI Xinlei;ZHOU Zilong(School of Resources and Safety Engineering,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China)

机构地区：[1]中南大学资源与安全工程学院,湖南长沙410083

出　　处：《金属矿山》2024年第5期1-15,共15页Metal Mine

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(编号:52174099,51904333);湖南省自然科学基金项目(编号:2021JJ30842);湖南省研究生自主创新项目(编号:CX20230210)。

摘　　要：近年来,随着地下工程建设及资源开采规模不断扩大,硬岩机械化采掘技术和装备得到不断创新和发展。传统钻爆法因其危险性高、衍生破坏大,难以满足现代岩石工程发展需求。硬岩非爆机械化采掘技术以其安全、高效、经济、智能化进程快等优势已成为现代岩石破碎工程的主要发展方向。从岩石可切割性、机械刀具(破岩工具)和机械装备3个角度对硬岩非爆机械化采掘技术的发展现状进行了论述。研究表明:岩石可切割性从单一指标评价向多指标综合评价发展;机械刀具类型呈现多样化,刀具性能伴随合金技术和涂层技术的发展而不断提质,并且刀具的设计制造注重在刀具硬度、耐磨蚀性与冲击韧性间寻找最佳平衡点来提高刀具使用寿命;破岩机械装备正在逐步向大型化、重型化、智能化、多样化、精细化发展,以更好地实现硬岩的高效、安全、经济、精细化采掘。在上述分析的基础上,展望了硬岩非爆机械化采掘技术的未来发展方向,认为未来亟须攻克的难点有:①建立深部岩石破碎力学与能量模型,探寻深部硬岩高应力诱导利用与高储能调控方法,开发硬岩诱变改性降危增割协同破岩方法与技术;②明晰硬岩破碎过程的多场多相耦合及多尺度破裂、破坏、破碎过程,开发机械刀具、水力、热力等多源联合破岩技术及装备;③揭示深部破岩扰动诱发高储能岩体动力灾害的力学及能量机制,提出针对性的防控方法;④开发与岩体特性、地应力条件、破岩需求协同匹配的精细化智能破岩技术与装备,形成非爆机械化智能采掘方法与技术体系;⑤构建非爆机械化采掘全过程管理模式,完善硬岩非爆机械化采掘作业流程。通过以上研究攻关,有望促进非爆机械化采掘技术在硬岩工程中的规模化应用,实现硬岩的安全、高效、绿色、智能采掘。In recent years,with the continuous expansion of underground engineering construction and resource extraction,hard rock mining and heading technology and equipment have been constantly innovated and developed.Due to the high risk and large induced-damage,the development needs of modern rock engineering are difficult to be met by the traditional drilling and blasting method.With the advantages of safety,efficiency,economy,and rapid intelligent upgrading,the non-blasting mechanized mining and heading technology in hard rock has become the leading development direction in modern rock breaking engineering.In this paper,the status of the development of non-explosive mechanized mining technology in hard rock has been reviewed from three perspectives:rock cuttability,mechanical cutters(rock breaking tools)and mechanical equipment.The development of rock cutability has shifted from single-indicator evaluation to multi-indicator integrated evaluation.The types of mechanical cutters have become more diverse,and their performance has improved with advancements in alloying and coating technologies.The design and manufacturing of these cutters now focus on finding the optimal balance between tool hardness,wear resistance,corrosion resistance,and impact toughness,so as to enhance their lifespan.In addition,rock-breaking machinery and equipment are gradually undergoing a transformation towards larger-scale,heavier-duty,smarter,diversified,and more refined systems.This development aims to achieve efficient,safe,economical,and precise excavation of hard rock.Based on the aforementioned analysis,the future development direction of hard rock non-blasting mechanized mining technology was summarized.However,it is important to consider the challenges that need to be overcome.These challenges include:①Establishing deep rock fragmentation mechanics and energy models to explore methods for utilizing high-stress-induced breakage and controlling high-energy storage in deep hard rock,and developing synergistic rock-breaking methods and te

关 键 词：硬岩 非爆机械化 岩石可切割性 机械刀具 采掘设备 

分 类 号：TD42[矿业工程—矿山机电]