阶级、国家与庇护政治:论印度莫迪民粹主义浪潮的兴衰  

Class,State and Patronage Politics:on the Rise and Fall of Modi's Populism in India

作　　者：吴孟克 陈卓 Wu Mengke;Chen Zhuo

机构地区：[1]复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院 [2]西安外国语大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《印度洋经济体研究》2024年第4期64-95,154,共33页Indian Ocean Economic and Political Review

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“印度教民族主义世界观及其对当代印度外交影响研究”(项目批准号:22CZJ007)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：印人党在2024年大选中失利,显示印度政治已经从民粹主义周期向庇护政治回摆。自殖民时期以来,印度国家依赖于其庇护体制获得政治权力。然而庇护体制的内在缺陷也促使民粹主义政治在印度周期性崛起。1991年自由化改革以来,印度三大阶级包括高种姓-统治阶级、有地种姓-中间阶级、庶民阶级共同助推了大众印度教兴起,叠加团结进步联盟政府第二任期的危机,促成了莫迪民粹主义政治浪潮的崛起。然而,本轮民粹主义政治依旧受制于庇护体制及其阶级联盟内部矛盾,无法实现民粹主义诉求,最终不得不向庇护政治回摆。The Bharatiya Janata Party's(BJP)setback in the 2024 Indian general election signifies a transition in Indian politics from a populist cycle back to patronage politics.Since the colonial period,the Indian state has relied on its patronage regime to consolidate political power.However,the inherent flaws of the patronage regime have periodically led to the emergence of populist politics in India.Following the liberalization reforms of 1991,three major classes in India—the upper-caste ruling class,the landed-caste intermediate class,and the subaltern class—have collectively facilitated the rise of popular Hinduism.This development,combined with the crisis during the second term of the United Progressive Alliance government,catalyzed the emergence of Modi's populist politics.Nonetheless,this wave of populist politics remains constrained by the patronage regime and the internal contradictions within its class alliances.Consequently,it is unable to fulfill its populist promises,ultimately necessitating a reversion to patronage politics.

关 键 词：印度 民粹主义 庇护政治 印度教民族主义 

分 类 号：B982[哲学宗教—宗教学] D735.1[政治法律—政治学]