崇祯十五年借兑客标考——兼论晚明的南北银流与军事财政  

One Public Borrowing in the 15th Year of Chongzhen Emperor's Reign:A Discussion on the Flow of Silver and Military Finance in the Late Ming Dynasty

作　　者：彭凯翔 Peng Kaixiang

机构地区：[1]武汉大学经济与管理学院,武汉430000

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2024年第4期21-41,共21页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“明清以来我国传统工商业账薄史料整理与研究”(批准号:21&ZD078);“山西票号原始文献整理研究与遗存保护数据库建设”(批准号:20&ZD065)资助。

摘　　要：崇祯十五年(1642)京师被围,太仓匮竭,外解难进,遂有以两淮盐课为抵押,借兑客标之议。本文的考证表明,这次借兑客商标银虽然以兑会的形式落实,但仍收到一定成效,是明末财政中颇有新意但未受到关注的公债尝试。同时,这一尝试的背景是晚明运河一带的南北银流带动了商业汇兑,催生出了以“年标”为标志的标期制度。政府的兑会方案既借鉴了以往大一统财政的实践,也引入了商业金融中的新元素。尽管客标兑会并不足以开启晚明的财政转型,也未带来时局的改观,但它的推行过程反映了皇帝与官僚集团对晚明经济及国家债信的认识程度以及经济转型下国家与商人关系的变迁,也为理解明清金融业的发展路径提供了新线索。In the 15th year of Chongzhen Emperor's reign,the capital was besieged,the state treasury was exhausted,and outside funds was difficult to access.Therefore,there was a proposal to use the salt tax revenue of Lianghuai as collateral to borrow from guest merchants who planed to transfer their silver to south China.This paper shows that although this borrowing was implemented in the form of exchange of remittances,it was still an innovative but neglected public debt experiment in Chinese history.The background of this experiment was the birth of a periodical remitting and clearing system(Biaoqi)as a result of commercial exchanges driven by the north-south silver flow along the Grand Canal in the late Ming.This experiment not only drew on the financial practice in this large-scale dynastic state,but also introduced new elements from commercial finance.Although this public borrowing experiment was not enough to initiate the financial transformation toward"fiscal state",nor did it change the fate of Ming dynasty,its implementation process reflected the emperor and the bureaucratic group's understanding of the late Ming economy and state credibility,as well as the changes in the relationship between the state and merchants under economic transformation.It also provided new clues for understanding the development path of finance in the Ming-Qing eras.

关 键 词：公债 标期 明清金融 财政-军事国家 

分 类 号：F812[经济管理—财政学]