晚明海洋贸易中的“船引”研究  

Study on the"ChuanYin"(Shipping License)of Maritime Trade in the Late Ming Dynasty

作　　者：戴佳辉 Dai Jiahui

机构地区：[1]湖南大学岳麓书院,长沙410082

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2024年第4期42-58,共17页Researches in Chinese Economic History

摘　　要：明隆庆初年开海后,官方将“船引”作为商船出海贸易的许可证,并以此来管理海洋贸易。船引分为沿海、海外贸易两类,前者在闽粤之间实行南澳稽查制,闽浙之间实行沙埕换船制;后者仅有福建漳州与泉州的海商能够申请,并用于前往东南亚贸易。官方构建起以船引为核心的海外贸易限额制,而且以“船由”作为建造商船的许可证,形成船引与船由的相互配合和对应。船引的申请、填写与回销均有完整流程及具体规定,官方监管亦贯穿其中。海商出港时,必须由官方依照船引、船由来盘验货物与商船,还要限时回港销引并接受审查。船引成为晚明海洋贸易管理制度的核心,也是当时海洋弛禁通商的体现。After partially lifting the prohibition on martime trade in early years of Longqing era,the government used"chuanyin"(舟船引)as the trade license to manage maritime trade.The shipping licenses were divided into two categories:for coastal and overseas trade.About coastal trade,the shipping licenses needed to be inspected at Nan'ao island,located between Fujian and Guangdong provinces,and ships must be exchanged at Sha'cheng,located between Fujian and Zhejiang provinces.As for shipping licenses of overseas trade,only merchants from Zhang'zhou and Quan'zhou in Fujian province can apply for them and depart for southeast Asia to trade.And the shipping licenses became the core of the overseas trade quota system,while"chuanyou"(船由)was used as the permit to build ships,thus forming a coordinated and consistent relationship between them.The application,filling out,and review of the shipping licenses has a complete process and specific regulations,with official supervision throughout every step.When ships leave port,the government must inspect goods and ships according to the shipping licenses and the permit of ships.Furthermore,ships must return to the port within a specified period of time for further inspection.The practice of the shipping license is the core of the maritime trade management system,and also the embodiment of maritime trade in late Ming dynasty.

关 键 词：晚明 隆庆开海 海洋贸易 船引 海澄 

分 类 号：F752[经济管理—国际贸易]