从帮口到单位:1949年后上海码头工人的改造  

From Gang to Unit:The Transformation of Shanghai Dockers in the Early Years of the Founding of PRC

作　　者：朱焘 Zhu Tao

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史学系民间记忆与地方文献研究中心,上海201100

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2024年第4期179-189,共11页Researches in Chinese Economic History

摘　　要：近代上海,码头工人主要以“帮口制”的形式结合在一起,常游离于政府管治之外。上海解放后,市委市政府通过“镇反”、民主改革等运动,试图破除码头工人中的帮口把持现象,并对工人进行了初步的改造与清退。随后,留用的码头工人被纳入单位体制,新的组织形式也逐渐形成。然而,改造和清退工人等举措导致部分行业劳动力短缺。因此上海码头搬运业后来又出现私自募工的现象,被清退的码头工人亦有倒流入沪,甚至政府此前致力清除的“工头”和“地下劳务市场”也重新出现。为使码头搬运业回归可控局面,政府在上海加强收容遣送办法和户籍管理,并不断采取技术革新,提高行业准入门坎,同时在“倒流人员”来源地开展劝阻责任制。通过行政和经济双重手段的干预,上海码头搬运业进入一定时间的稳定时期。In modern Shanghai,dockers were primarily organized through a system of gangs and were not under government control.After the liberation of Shanghai,the new government implemented various measures to dismantle the dominance of these gangs among the dockers and to reform and expel workers.Subsequently,the retained dockers were incorporated into the work unit system,and a new organizational form gradually took shape.However,the measures to reform and expel workers led to labor shortages in some industries.Consequently,the practice of privately recruiting workers reemerged in Shanghai's dock transport industry,and the expelled dockers returned to Shanghai.Even the gang leaders and the underground labor market that the government had previously sought to eliminate reappeared.To restore control over the dock transport industry,the government in Shanghai intensified efforts in detention and repatriation,strengthened household registration management,and continuously pursued technological innovations to raise the entry threshold for the industry.Additionally,the Shanghai government implemented a responsibility system to deter illegal activities.Through the dual interventions of administrative and economic measures,Shanghai's dock transport industry entered a period of relative stability.

关 键 词：搬运业 码头工人 帮口制 单位制 

分 类 号：F426[经济管理—产业经济]