论当代自由主义道德权利理论的刑罚证成困境——以人身自由权为例  

On the Dilemma of Contemporary Liberal Theory of Moral Rights for Penalty Justification-Exemplified with the Right to Personal Liberty

作　　者：张峰铭 Zhang Fengming

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)政治和法律教研部

出　　处：《人权》2024年第4期180-203,共24页Human Rights

基　　金：2023年度中央党校(国家行政学院)校(院)级科研项目“数字人权的法理根基及其法治保障路径研究”阶段性成果。

摘　　要：当代自由主义道德权利理论认为,与人身自由相关联的道德权利对国家权力边界构成强有力约束。因此,刑罚证成的核心问题不是刑罚目的是什么,而是刑罚为什么不侵犯个体的道德权利。为了证成刑罚制度,学者们探索了限定权利内容、权利放弃等解决方案,最终求助于权利丧失(Rights Forfeiture)理念。但权利丧失理念难以合理融入自由主义道德权利理论的体系框架之内。这些尝试的失败源于自由主义道德权利理论预设的对权利的拼凑性理解。但对权利还存在另一种体系性的理解方式。个人权利并非一个独立的、非衍生性的道德理由,个人权利和国家刑罚权都只是特定(现实或理想)规则体系的一部分,共同服务于某些价值。刑罚证成的真正问题不是刑罚为什么不侵犯个人的道德权利,而是包括刑罚制度在内的整体制度安排对于包括受罚者在内的所有公民是否是可证成的。Contemporary liberal theory of moral rights argues that moral rights associated with personal liberty constitute a strong constraint on the boundaries of state power.Therefore,the core issue of the penalty justification is not the purpose of the penalty,but the reason for the penalty to refrain from infringing on the moral rights of individuals.In order to justify the penal system,scholars have explored solutions such as limiting the content of rights,waiving rights,and finally being resorted to rights forfeiture.However,the concept of rights forfeiture can hardly be integrated into the framework of the liberal theory of moral rights reasonably.The failure of these attempts stems from the patchwork understanding of rights presupposed by the liberal theory of moral rights.But there is another systematic way of understanding rights.Individual rights are not an independent non-derivative moral justification,and both individual rights and the penal power of the state are only part of a specific(realistic or ideal)system of rules that collectively serve certain values.The real question of penalty justification is not why the punishment does not infringe on the moral rights of the individuals,but whether the overall institutional arrangements,including the penal system,are justifiable for all citizens,including the punished.

关 键 词：道德权利 刑罚证成 同意 丧失 剥夺 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学] B82-051[政治法律—法学]