早期中国天下观中的“九州”次序及其时代特征  

The Order and Era Characteristics of the“Jiu Zhou”in Early Chinese Worldview

作　　者：罗凯 LUO Kai

机构地区：[1]四川大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第7期59-72,共14页Journal of Social Sciences

摘　　要：传统中国,尤其是在早期,人们习惯于将“天下”划分为“九州”,然不同文献中的“九州”次序颇有区别,其中既有时代因素,也反映了不同地区、不同政权、不同人群“天下观”的差异。传世史籍中,系统论及“九州”的,《尚书·禹贡》成书最早,九州次序亦最为严谨;《周礼·职方氏》稍晚于《禹贡》,但九州排列最为杂乱;《吕氏春秋·有始览》撰成时间最为确定,其九州次序亦较为顺畅;《尔雅·释地》年代最晚,其九州之间的顺序却并不连贯。由此可知,“后出转精”的一般规律并不适用于九州次序的界说。上海博物馆藏楚简《容成氏》成书时间晚于《禹贡》,约在楚怀王晚年,其记述九州的顺序也大体依循《禹贡》,虽偶有跳脱,但逻辑性明显优于稍后成书的《职方氏》,不过这一论断需建立在充分发掘简文所载信息的基础之上,且《容成氏》九州有着鲜明的楚国人立场,与传世文献九州的北方(中原)人立场迥然有别。隋唐文献中的“古九州”多依据《禹贡》,但其次序却完全不同,有着十分显著的时代特征,是“关中本位政策”的体现,也是西魏、北周、隋朝疆域次第扩张的反映。In traditional China,especially in the early days,people were accustomed to dividing the world into nine states,which were called"Jiu Zhou".However,the order of"Jiu Zhou"in different documents was quite different,which not only reflected the changes of the times,but also illustrated the different worldview of different regions,different countries and different groups of people.Among the historical records from ancient times which systematically studied"Jiu Zhou","Shang Shu,Yu Gong"was the earliest to be wrtten,and the order was also the most rigorous;"Zhou Li,Zhi Fang Shi"was slightly later than"Yu Gong",while the order was the most chaotic;The time when"Lv Shi Chun Qiu"was written was the most certain,and the order of"Jiu Zhou"was relatively natural."Er Ya,Shi Di"was the latest,but the order was not coherent.It can be seen from this that the general rule of"better data emerged later"did not apply to the order of"Jiu Zhou".The Chu State's bamboo slips"Rong Cheng Shi"collected in Shanghai Museum was written around the later years of King Huai of Chu,which was later than"Yu Gong".The order of its description of"Jiu Zhou"generally followed that of"Yu Gong",although there were occasional small differences,the logic was obviously better than that of"Zhi Fang Shi",which was written later.However,this conclusion needs to be made based on fully exploring the information contained in the bamboo slips,and"Rong Cheng Shi"had a clear view of"Jiu Zhou"from the perspective of Chu state.This was completely different from the attitude of people in the north(Central Plains).The description of"Ancient Jiuzhou"in the literature of Sui and Tang Dynasties was mostly based on"Yu Gong",but the order was completely different,which reflected the significant characteristics of the times.It was the embodiment of the"Guanzhong-based policy",and also a reflection of the expansion of the territory of the Western Wei,Northern Zhou and Sui dynasty.

关 键 词：九州 次序 《容成氏》 天下观 早期中国 

分 类 号：K928.6[历史地理—人文地理学]