马克思资本主义批判关涉的三个东方问题  

Three Eastern Issues in Marx's Critique of Capitalism

作　　者：温权 Wen Quan

机构地区：[1]武汉大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《毛泽东邓小平理论研究》2024年第4期71-80,F0003,共11页Studies on Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping Theories

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“马克思与克尔凯郭尔的辩证法比较研究”[21CZX009]阶段性成果。

摘　　要：对东方历史发展脉络的回顾与前瞻,构成马克思资本主义批判的重要视角。以俄国、印度、中国为例,马克思试图解答三个基本问题:古代东方社会为什么没有率先孕育资本主义文明;近代东方危机为什么能够动摇全球资本主义秩序;现代东方国家为什么可以避免重蹈资本主义覆辙。这些问题涉及马克思破译资本主义历史密码的东方线索,并分别对应东方世界对于资本主义的三重否定性反馈:宗法式土地制度与等级交往制度对商业资本以及雇佣关系的双重遏制;东方社会危机与政治危机对西方资本主义经济体系与制度模式的直接破坏或间接反噬;东方诸国“殖民废墟”和“公社遗迹”蕴含通往共产主义的捷径。通过刻画资本主义的“东方印象”,马克思充实了理解资本主义发展史的地域性素材,并据此发掘到预见共产主义之实现的广域性佐证,从而彰显东方无产阶级革命的世界性意义。Reviewing and predicting the historical development of the East constitutes an important perspective of Marx's critique of capitalism.Taking Russia,India and China as examples,Marx tried to answer three basic questions:why the ancient Oriental societies did not take the lead in nurturing capitalist civilization;why the modern Oriental crises could shake the global capitalist order;and why the modern Oriental countries could avoid repeating the mistakes of capitalism.They are related to Marx's Eastern clues in deciphering the historical code of capitalism,and respectively correspond to the triple negative feedback of the Eastern world to capitalism:the dual containment of commercial capital and employment relations by the patriarchal land system and the hierarchical interaction system;the direct destruction or indirect backlash of the Eastern social and political crises against the Western capitalist economic system and institutional model;and the"colonial ruins"and"commune ruins"of the Eastern countries contain a shortcut to communism.By portraying the capitalist"impression of the East",Marx not only enriched the regional material for understanding the history of capitalist development,but also unearthed the wide-area evidence for foreseeing the realization of communism,highlighting the global significance of the proletarian revolutions in the East.

关 键 词：资本主义批判 古代东方社会 近代东方危机 现代东方国家 西欧资本主义 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]