含磷阻燃型锂离子电池电解质研究进展  

Research Progress in Phosphorus-containing Flame Retardant Lithium-ion Battery Electrolyte

作　　者：邢明悦 Xing Mingyue(Schoolof Science,Xi'an University of Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi710054)

机构地区：[1]西安理工大学理学院,陕西西安710054

出　　处：《中外能源》2024年第8期24-30,共7页Sino-Global Energy

摘　　要：2023年中国国内新能源汽车保有量达到2041万辆,其中纯电动汽车占比76.04%,目前新能源汽车储电设备主要以锂离子电池为主。当锂离子电池遭受外部撞击或使用温度过高等诱因下,可能会导致电池燃烧或者爆炸,严重威胁人们的身体健康和财产安全。目前大量研究结果表明锂离子电解质是电池中最不稳定的部分,提高电解质阻燃性对提高电池安全性也起着重要作用,主要方法有使用更稳定的锂盐、添加电解质阻燃剂和过充剂、合成聚合物电解质等,最好的解决方案是在提高安全性的同时保证电池电化学性能,由于磷元素具有良好阻燃性,有机磷阻燃剂具有种类多、毒性低、物理特性适宜、成本低、阻燃性好等特点,产品应用于各种领域,因此向锂离子电解质中添加磷元素也是一种良好的解决方案,如早期研究的添加到液体电解质中的小分子烷基膦酸酯类阻燃剂,到含有氮、磷、氟三种元素的磷腈类阻燃剂,再到制备含磷元素的聚合物电解质,逐渐在改善电解质阻燃性的同时提高电池性能。In 2023,the holdings of new energy vehicles in China reached 20.41 million,of which pure elec-tric vehicles accounted for 76.04%.Currently the power storage equipment for new energy vehicles is mainly based on lithium-ion batteries.If lithium-ion battery suffers from external impact or high temperature or other factors,the battery may burn or explode,posing a serious threat to people's health and property safety.At present,a large number of researches show that lithium-ion electrolyte is the most unstable part of a bat-tery,and improving the flame retardancy of electrolyte plays an important role in improving battery safety.The methods mainly include the use of more stable lithium salts,the addition of electrolyte flame retardant and overcharging agent,and the synthesis of polymer electrolyte.The best solution is to ensure the electrochemical properties of battery while improving the safety.Phosphorus has good flame retardancy,and organophosphorus flame retardants are used in various fields due to their variety,low toxicity,suitable physical properties,low cost and good flame retardancy.Therefore,adding phosphorus to lithium ion electrolyte is also a good solution,such as the small molecule alkyl phosphonate flame retardants added to liquid electrolyte in the early re-search,the phosphazene flame retardantscontainingnitrogen,phosphorus and fluorine,and the polymer elec-trolyte containing phosphorus,which gradually improved battery performance while improving the flame retar-dancy of electrolyte.

关 键 词：阻燃 含磷 锂离子电解质 安全性 

分 类 号：TM912[电气工程—电力电子与电力传动]