中国境内阿尔泰语系突厥语族语言的二分时对立系统  

The Dichotomous System of Tense in Turkic Languages in China

作　　者：姚家兴 Yao Jiaxing

机构地区：[1]江苏师范大学语言科学与艺术学院,徐州221009

出　　处：《语言研究集刊》2024年第1期268-286,M0011,M0012,共21页Bulletin of Linguistic Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“濒危西部裕固语形态句法的深度调查与科学保护研究”(项目编号22CYY044)。

摘　　要：我国境内突厥语族语言的时范畴是一个二分对立系统,在动词形态上区分过去时和非过去时。过去时沿用古代突厥语过去时标记-DI,且标明直陈口气意义,非过去时标记来源于未完结义非限定动词标记-~0r和-A。时标记表达一种客观的绝对时间概念,而体标记和式标记则表达一种折算出来的相对时间概念。由于时体式均与时间义有一定的关联性,小句中的时标记有时不会出现,因此对标记功能的界定就显得尤为重要。主观性原则是将式标记从时体标记中剥离出来的主要依据,而形态句法标准又可以将时体标记进行分离,体标记的来源也同时标记有别,时标记比体标记的语法化程度更高。突厥语族语言可以通过相对清晰的形态标记对时—体—情态(TAM)系统进行分类标注,体现出黏着语言的一些个性特点。The tense category of Turkic languages in China is a dichotomous system that distinguishes past tense from non-past tense in verb morphology.The old Turkic past tense marker-DI is used for the past tense,indicating direct tone meaning,while the non-past tense marker is derived from the unfinished indefinable verb markers-0r and-A.Time markers express an objective absolute time concept,while aspect markers and mood marks express a reduced relative time concept.Sometimes,due to the above three categories are all related to the meaning of time,time markers may not appear in a clause.Therefore,it's particularly important to define the function of markers in verbs.The principle of subjectivity serves as the main basis for separating the mood marker from the tense marker,and morphosyntactic standards can also be employed to separate the aspect marker from the tense marker.Furthermore,the source of the aspect is also different from tense,and the grammatical degree of the tense is higher than others.Through relatively clear morphological markers,Turkic languages can classify and label their timeaspect-mood(TAM)system reflecting certain individual characteristics of agglutinative languages.

关 键 词：突厥语族 时范畴 体范畴 式范畴 

分 类 号：H211.3[语言文字—少数民族语言]