国内壁垒与出口依赖:中国高强度出口企业的双循环困境及政策启示  

Domestic Distortion and Export Dependence:The Domestic Sales Dilemma of Chinese High-Intensity Exporters and Policy Implications through the Melitz Model Extension

作　　者：魏宏冰 马弘[2] WEI Hongbing;MA Hong

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所 [2]清华大学经济管理学院

出　　处：《世界经济研究》2024年第7期106-119,133,M0004,共16页World Economy Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“大国竞争背景下关键领域产业链供应链重构的风险评估与对策研究”(项目编号:23&ZD046);国家自然科学基金项目“贸易风险识别、对宏观经济影响评估与复杂联动”(项目编号:72341016);中国社会科学院学科建设“登峰战略”资助计划(项目编号:DF2023ZD33);中国社会科学院世界经济预测与政策模拟实验室项目(项目编号:2024SYZH003)。

摘　　要：中国制造业各行业的出口企业中,有相当比例是纯出口或高强度出口企业。这一比例特征在摒除加工贸易型企业之后仍然显著,既与发达国家出口企业分布不同,也不符合Melitz模型的理论预期。文章研究指出,在国家积极扩大开放以促进出口的政策导向下,国内市场的改革滞后与一体化有效措施的缺乏成为阻碍企业内销不可忽视的因素。具体而言,国内流通壁垒和进入壁垒是形成本土企业出口依赖现象的关键原因。文章分析发现,纯出口和高强度出口企业往往较为年轻,所处行业或集中于产业链下游,或集中于国内市场较高垄断的行业。鉴于此,文章构建了一个综合考虑多种市场扭曲因素的异质性企业模型,来解释中国企业的内外销比例。模型表明,高流通壁垒和高进入壁垒是阻碍出口企业在国内市场销售的原因,产品流通的高额费用会降低企业内销的利润率,而高额的市场准入固定成本则直接降低新企业的内销利润,导致新企业更难在国内市场存活。基于模型,文章进一步识别出国内市场的高流通壁垒行业和高进入壁垒行业,并认为取消出口补贴、进一步推动市场化改革、针对不同行业降低国内市场垄断程度和畅通产品流通渠道是打通内销壁垒的关键。A considerable proportion of export enterprises are pure exporters or high-intensity exporters in various industries in China's manufacturing sector.The feature of this kind is significantly different from that of exporters in developed countries and is not consistent with the theoretical prediction of the Melitz model.This study points out that under the policy orientation of actively expanding opening-up to promote exports,the lagging reform of the domestic market and the domestic barrier hindering enterprises'domestic sales.Compared with other enterprises,these pure exporters or high-intensity exporters are younger and distribute more in downstream industries and highly monopolistic industries.Specifically,domestic distribution barriers and entry barriers are the key reasons for the formation of the export dependence phenomenon of local enterprises.Through analysis,it is found that pure export and high-intensity export enterprises tend to be younger,and are located in industries either concentrated in the downstream of the industrial chain or in industries with higher monopoly in the domestic market.In view of this,this study constructs a heterogeneous firm model that integrates multiple market distortions to explain the ratio of domestic and foreign sales of Chinese firms.The model suggests that high distribution barriers and high entry barriers are what prevent exporting firms from selling in the domestic market:the high cost of product distribution reduces the profitability of firms selling domestically,while the high fixed cost of market entry directly reduces the profitability of new firms selling domestically,making it more difficult for new firms to survive in the domestic market.Based on the model,this paper further identifies industries with high distribution barriers and industries with high entry barriers in the domestic market and argues that eliminating export subsidies,further promoting marketoriented reforms,reducing the degree of monopoly in the domestic market,and smoothing distribution channe

关 键 词：高强度出口企业 内销壁垒 市场扭曲 行业上游度 

分 类 号：F752.62[经济管理—国际贸易]