明末福建营兵制管理积弊与火器阵法探略——基于新见《营要事宜》的考察  

A Probe into Management Inefficiencies and Firearm Tactics of Military Camp System in Fujian in Late Ming Dynasty——Based on the Newly Found Military Camp Affairs

作　　者：武文杰 WU Wenjie(The Advanced Institute for Confucian Studies,Shandong University,Jinan,Shandong 250100,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒学高等研究院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《内江师范学院学报》2024年第7期66-74,共9页Journal of Neijiang Normal University

摘　　要：明代嘉靖年间,福建倭患不绝,卫所军不堪用,故改设营兵制。百年后,营务废弛,营兵制呈现出衰败之象。《营要事宜》为明代后期游击将军王嘉相所撰,该书述及崇祯时期福建营兵制的诸多弊端,主要包括经济、制度、作战三个方面,并提出相应的改革策略。另改创十种新式火器阵法,无论在平原还是山地条件下,皆可组织设伏、进攻、守备等多种阵型,其中三叠进攻阵与同时期的欧洲线性战术有共通之处。然而,炮铳的射击力量仍未能代替骑兵的冲击力量,只是呈现出融合发展的态势,故发展出“九炮三冲”或“三炮一冲”冷热兵器配合作战模式。通过探究福建营兵制的旧弊与新阵,可为进一步阐述明亡原因、明末火器运用以及明代兵学思想转型提供新的视角。During the Jiajing Reign of Ming Dynasty,the invasions by Japanese pirates in Fujian continued.However,the garrison troops were gradually weak,which led to the establishment of the Military Camp System.A hundred years later,the camp affairs fell into disarray,showing signs of decline.Military Camp Affairs was compiled by WANG Jiaxiang.The book detailed many shortcomings of the Fujian camp system during the Chongzhen Reign in terms of economy,system and military operations.It also proposed corresponding reform strategies.Ten new tactics for firearms were also created,which could be deployed for ambushes,attacks,and defenses in both plains and mountainous terrains.Among them,the Three-tiered Attack Formation shared similarities with contemporary European linear tactics.However,the shooting power of early guns could not replace the impact force of cavalry,showing a trend of integrated development.This led to the development of the“Nine Guns Three Charges”or“Three Guns One Charge”.The guns provided a combat mode into which cold weapons and hot ones were combined.By examining the old problems and new formations of the Fujian camp system,a new perspective can be provided for further explanation of the reasons for the fall of the Ming Dynasty.The examination also elaborates the use of firearms in the late Ming Dynasty,and the transformation of military thought in Ming Dynasty.

关 键 词：营兵制 王嘉相 《营要事宜》 火器阵法 

分 类 号：K256[历史地理—历史学]