亦土亦流:保甲制度推行与甘南藏区基层政治社会变革(1941-1949)  

Indigenous Authorities and Government Officials:Implementation of the Baojia System and Local Political and Social Transformation in the Tibetan-Inhabited Areas of South Gansu(1941--1949)

作　　者：柳德军 Liu Dejun

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《近代史研究》2024年第4期109-126,M0005,M0006,共20页Modern Chinese History Studies

基　　金：2023年国家社会科学基金重点项目“民国时期甘青民族地区保甲制度与基层社会变迁研究”(23AZS017);陕西师范大学中央高校一般项目(23ZYYBO10)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：帝制时代,县为官僚机构之末梢;国民党执政后,乡镇保甲成为基层政权运转之主轴。保甲制度推行之前,甘南藏民只知有拉卜楞而不知有国家之法令。20世纪40年代保甲制度的推行,乡镇保甲机构的设立,丁马钱粮的派征,壮丁训练的实行,不仅为国家政权控制甘南藏区提供了可能,亦使甘南藏民感受到“国家”“政府”的威信。在国家政权与地方势力的博奔互动中,“土”与“流”之间既相互利用又暗自相争,该地的政治、经济、文化、社会生活亦在新与旧之间交替相融,“国家”“政府”观念在甘南藏民心中逐渐萌生,“亦土亦流”的政权运行机制在甘南藏区逐渐成型。纵观20世纪40年代保甲制度在甘南藏区推行的全过程,既映衬出中国基层政制逐步走向近代化的一个历史缩影,亦隐现出少数民族基层政权逐步纳入国家行政及各民族交往交流交融的曲折历程。The county government constituted the lowest tier of imperial China's bureaucratic structure during the imperial era.Following the KMT's rise to power,the Baojia System became central to local governance in China.In the Tibetan-inhabited regions of South Gansu,however,allegiance among local Tibetans traditionally leaned towards the Labrang monastery rather than towards state laws and regulations.The introduction of the Baojia System and the establishment of relevant government agencies marked a pivotal shift,enabling greater state control over these areas.Through mechanisms such as taxation and military conscription,the state and its agencies strengthened their authority among the local Tibetan populace.Amidst political maneuvering between state and local forces,indigenous authorities and local government officials both competed and cooperated,leading to significant transformations in local political,economic,cultural,and social spheres.This dynamic gave rise to a hybrid governance model integrating indigenous and governmental elements in the Tibetan-inhabited areas of South Gansu,crucial for the development of a Chinese identity among local Tibetans.The implementation of the Baojia System in this region during the 1940s provides a microcosm illustrating the modernization of grassroots governance in China and the complex integration of indigenous governments from ethnic minorities into the national framework.

关 键 词：土司 保甲制度 甘南藏区 国家治理 

分 类 号：D69[政治法律—政治学]