清前中期外国银元在粤流通探微——兼论清代官府的货币观念及其局限性  

Foreign Silver Dollars Circulating in Guangdong in Early and Middle Qing Dynasty:With Comments on Qing Officials'Monetary Concepts and Their Limitations

作　　者：张景瑞 ZHANG Jing-rui

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院,江苏省南京市210023

出　　处：《南京大学学报（哲学．人文科学．社会科学）》2024年第3期114-126,159,160,共15页Journal of Nanjing University(Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：清代康熙开海后,西班牙、荷兰等国银元作为货币在广东日渐流行。起初,外国银元通行于广州至中国澳门一带,至对西洋“一口通商”前夕遍及广东主要港口和东部地区,乾隆中后期流布全省。乾隆、嘉庆年间,西班牙银元是广东市场主要的交换媒介和价值尺度,广泛用于中外贸易、不动产交易、土木兴建和金融活动等社会生活领域,从而大幅挤占了纹银的流通空间。嘉庆、道光时期,官员将银元盛行视为导致纹银外流的原因之一,他们提出的应对主张分为顺从民便和禁用银元两类。这些主张较为极端,各有弊病,反映出官方调控银元流通能力的不足。官员又普遍认为银元来自国外,从中国流出无损民财,故不禁银元出洋。道光朝,大量银元从广州外流无甚窒碍,加剧了中国的银荒危机,由此显现出清人货币观念的局限性。After the lifting of maritime ban during Kangxi reign in the Qing Dynasty,silver dollars from such countries as Spain and the Netherlands began to circulate as currency in Guangdong.At first,foreign silver coins were circulated in the area from Guangzhou to Macao region,and yet,by the beginning time of"one port trade",they already became very popular in the main ports and the eastern regions of Guangdong.During Qianlong and Jiaqing periods,the Spanish silver dollar coins turned to be a major medium of exchange and measure of value in Guangdong market,widely used in such fields of social life as Sino-foreign trade,real estate transactions,civil construction,and financial activities,thus greatly squeezing sycee silver out of circulation.During the reign of Jiaqing and Daoguang,officials regarded the prevalence of the silver dollar as one of the reasons for the outflow of sycee silver,and their proposed countermeasures were of two kinds:respecting people's convenience and prohibiting silver dollars.These proposals were quite radical,each with its own drawbacks,reflecting officials'inability to regulate the circulation of silver dollars.At the same time,officials generally believed that because silver dollars were from overseas,they did no harm to the people's wealth when flowing out of China.So,they did nothing to stop the outflow of silver dollars from this country.During Daoguang period a plenty of silver dollars flowed out of Guangzhou without much hindrance,exacerbating silver shortages in China,and this crisis made clear the limitations of the Qing Dynasty's monetary concepts.

关 键 词：清代 外国银元 广东 社会生活 货币观念 

分 类 号：F822.9[经济管理—财政学] K249[历史地理—历史学]