论合并揭开公司集团面纱制度:治理失灵时的债权人保护机制  

On the Substantive Veil Piercing of Corporate Groups:Creditor Protection Mechanisms in the Event of Governance Failure

作　　者：刘俊海[1] Liu Junhai

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院,北京100875

出　　处：《法学杂志》2024年第4期1-23,共23页Law Science Magazine

摘　　要：为维护交易安全、规范公司集团治理,新《公司法》第23条第2款导入了合并揭开公司集团面纱制度。母公司若滥用两家以上公司集团成员的独立法人资格、严重损害债权人利益,法院有权判令公司人格被滥用的公司集团成员以其全部责任财产,对彼此债务连带负责。为兴利除弊,必须保持谦抑性裁判理念,在激活揭开面纱规则之前穷尽成本更低、效果更好的债权人保护工具。建议整体揭纱规则覆盖股东背后的实控人。被揭纱的“各公司”涵盖姊妹或母子公司,并不限于横向关联公司。揭开公司集团面纱须具备四大构成要件:滥权过错、侵害事实、损害后果与相当因果关系。欺诈、股权资本显著不足、过度支配与控制、资产(财产)混同是主要的公司人格滥用模式。滥用公司人格的行为模式盘根错节。为落实以人为本理念,建议向非自愿债权人适度倾斜。公司集团有义务自证清白。母公司若能证明自己财产独立于麾下一人公司的财产,仍享受股东有限责任待遇。预防公司集团面纱被揭开的治本之策是,鼓励制度竞争、优化公司集团治理生态。In order to maintain transaction security and standardize the governance of corporate groups,the paragraph 2 of article 23 of the new Company Law introduces the rule of substantive veil piercing of corporate groups.If the parent company abuses the independent legal personalities of two or more group members and seriously harms the creditors,the court may order all members of the corporate group whose corporate personality has been abused to be jointly and severally liable for each other's debts with all their liability assets.In order to promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages,it is necessary to maintain the concept of modest adjudication and it is also advisable to exhaust the less costly and more effective tools of creditor protection before activating the veil piercing rule.The overall unveiling rules cover the actual controller behind the shareholders.The“companies”includes sister companies,parent and subsidiary companies,and are not limited to horizontal affiliates.To lift the veil on a corporate group,there are four major elements which must be met:abuse of power,infringement of facts,damage consequences and equivalent causal relationship.Fraud,undercapitalization,excessive domination and control,and commingling of assets are the main corporate personality abuse patterns,which are intertwined.In order to implement the people-oriented concept,it is recommended to give a moderate preference to involuntary creditors.The group of companies has an obligation to prove their innocence.If a parent company can prove that its property is independent of the property of the one-person companies,it should be exempt from being unveiled.The fundamental solution to prevent the lifting of the corporate group veil is to encourage institutional competition and optimize the corporate group governance ecology.

关 键 词：合并揭开公司集团面纱 股权资本显著不足 人格混同 公司集团 债权人 

分 类 号：D922.291.91[政治法律—经济法学]