重建深时地球生物多样性时空分布模式的思考  

A perspective on reconstructing the spatial and temporal patterns of Earth′s biodiversity in deep time

作　　者：张书涵 沈树忠 王向东 张华[2] 樊隽轩 Shuhan Zhang;Shuzhong Shen;Xiangdong Wang;Hua Zhang;Junxuan Fan(State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research,Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling,School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China;State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学地球科学与工程学院,关键地球物质循环前沿科学中心,内生金属成矿机制研究国家重点实验室,南京210023 [2]中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所,现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室,南京210008

出　　处：《科学通报》2024年第22期3252-3267,共16页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(42293280,423B2201,42250104);江苏省重大科技开放合作平台建设项目(BZ2023068)资助。

摘　　要：重建地球生物多样性演变历史是了解地球生命演化规律的关键.通过研究地质时期的生物多样性变化,能够追溯生命的起源、演化和灭绝过程,并探索其原因.然而,地球上曾经生活过的99%以上的生物都已经灭亡,其中只有一小部分保存为化石并被人类发现.因此,如何利用化石记录重建地球生物多样性变化的过程是一个非常复杂的科学难题.为了解决这一难题,需要从多方面入手.首先,建立含有时空信息的全球性大型综合数据库是研究深时生物多样性模式的必要条件,也是识别曾经发生过的重大生物事件的基础,以往的研究多集中在海洋无脊椎动物化石多样性的研究,目前仍然缺乏全球性的陆地生物多样性模式.其次,需要解决化石保存不完整和样本采集时空不均一的难题.近十几年来,随着海量数据的积累,大数据分析技术的发展,通过多学科交叉,在解决时空分辨率低和样本偏差等问题上发展了更有效的分析手段,但仍然任重道远.最后,新的大数据研究结果引发了对深时地球生物多样性变化的时空规律的许多新认识.随着研究的深入,五次生物大灭绝的灭绝幅度和灭绝率明显降低,需要以全球大数据为基础重新精确估算,其中二叠纪末生物大灭绝无疑仍是最大的一次,而泥盆纪晚期F/F和三叠纪末灭绝事件很可能算不上五大生物灭绝之二,白垩纪末生物大灭绝的持续时间和灭绝幅度也需要重新估算.此外,寒武纪-奥陶纪、石炭纪-二叠纪和新生代三大生物辐射事件也需要全球高分辨率化石数据验证.以人工智能和超级计算机等为手段建立的深时生态系统演变模型是实现古今对比的未来方向.这些研究将使我们对地球生物多样性历史有全方位的认识,也为现今的全球生态系统面临的问题提供深时参照.Reconstructing the extensive history of biodiversity in deep time is crucial to understanding the evolutionary patterns on Earth.As the sands of geological time flow,we can uncover glimpses into the origin,evolution and extinction of life in an effort to unravel its mysteries.Yet,over 99%of the organisms which once called this planet home have been washed away by time,with only a fraction of them leaving behind any clues of their existence in the form of fossils,much fewer of which have been discovered by mankind.Therefore,the process of reconstructing Earth’s evolution history of biodiversity using only a small portion of fossil occurrences has proven to be a complex and strenuous task.The solution is to employ a multidisciplinary approach.Firstly,it is essential to establish a comprehensive global database that contains detailed spatial and temporal data of all fossil records.This database will serve as the basis for studying biodiversity patterns throughout earth history and identifying major biological events.Previous studies have mainly focused on marine invertebrate fossil records and the global terrestrial biodiversity curve remains to be established.Secondly,the incompleteness of fossil records and the uneven geographical sampling need to be addressed.Over the past decade,while substantial data have been accumulated and some analytical methods to solve uneven sampling in big data analysis have been explored,researchers have yet to provide an elegant solution to the problem.Thirdly,as the quantity of data increases and the quality of data has improved,new findings derived from big data have sparked numerous insights into the spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity change on Earth through deep time.For example,with the publication of more data around the big five mass extinctions the extinction magnitudes and rates of extinction have declined accordingly,thereby requiring more accurate reestimation using global big data.Among these extinctions,the end-Permian biological extinction undoubtedly remain

关 键 词：深时 大数据 生物多样性 生物大灭绝 生态模型 

分 类 号：Q16[生物学—普通生物学]