论非典型担保在破产程序中的效力——基于裁判实践的类型化分析  

On the Effectiveness of Atypical Guarantee in Bankruptcy Proceedings--A Typological Analysis Based on Adjudication Practice

作　　者：曹明哲[1] CAO Mingzhe

机构地区：[1]北京市第一中级人民法院

出　　处：《中国政法大学学报》2024年第4期151-165,共15页Journal Of CUPL

摘　　要：非典型担保在破产程序中的效力认定,既应当尊重非破产法规范,又应当结合破产程序的特点适当调试。当前一些房地产企业破产背景下,买卖型担保与破产程序关系较为密切,完成公示的买卖型担保具有物权效力,受让人在破产程序中可主张担保债权,但未完成公示的买卖型担保则不是让与担保,权利人只得申报普通债权。《民法典》及司法解释对动产担保功能主义的变革至为明确,为稳定交易预期和裁判尺度,融资租赁出租人、所有权保留出卖人应在承租人和买受人破产时主张别除权。债务人破产前以未来债权续作保理,保理人支付对价时,其对债务人进入破产程序后现实化的债权具有优先受偿权。参照债权人撤销权的可撤销事由,加入他人债务应属破产撤销权的事由,但应考察担保权人主观要件,关联公司间的债务加入可推定相对人恶意。第三人为债权人设定不动产抵押权但未登记,其进入破产程序后,由于第三人承担补充责任,故债权人只得申报普通债权。The effectiveness of atypical guarantee in bankruptcy proceedings should not only be determined based on the norms of non-bankruptcy law,but also be adjusted in light of the characteristics of bankruptcy proceedings.In the context of bankruptcy of some real estate enterprises,the relationship between sale guarantee and bankruptcy proceeding is relatively close.The sale guarantee that has been publicized has the effect of a real right,and the transferee can claim the secured claims in the bankruptcy.However,the sale guarantee that has not been publicized is not an alienation guarantee,so the right holder can only declare the common creditor’s right.Since the Civil Code and judicial interpretations have shown a clear trend of functionalism in chattel security,in order to stabilize transaction expectations and adjudication standards,financial leasing lessors and retention-of-title sellers should claim the right of exclusion when the lessee and buyer go bankrupt.If the debtor renews a factoring with future claims before bankruptcy,and when paying the consideration,the factor has the preferential right to the payment of the debtor’s claim that has been realized after entering the bankruptcy proceedings.With reference to the reasons for the creditor’s right of revocation,joining in other people’s debts falls under the right of revocation in bankruptcy,but the subjective elements of the guarantor should be examined,and the joining of debts between affiliated companies can be presumed to be in bad faith.If a third party establishes a mortgage on immovable property for the creditor without registration,after the third party enters the bankruptcy proceedings,the creditor can only declare common creditor’s right because the third party bears the supplementary liability.

关 键 词：让与担保 融资租赁 所有权保留 保理 未登记不动产抵押权 

分 类 号：D922[政治法律—法学]