苗期摘叶对玉米茎秆抗倒伏特性及产量的影响  

The Effect of Defoliation at Seedling Stage on the Stem Lodging Resistance and Yield of Maize

作　　者：邹晓锦[1] 李永铁 徐嘉翼 宫亮[1] 孙孝丹 张银环 王旭东 李月红 杨金泽 吕林辉 王志海 冯良山[1] ZOU Xiao-jin(Institute of Plant Nutrient and Environmental Resources,Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shenyang,Liaoning 110161)

机构地区：[1]辽宁省农业科学院植物营养与环境资源研究所,辽宁沈阳110161 [2]凤城市农业农村局,辽宁凤城118100 [3]彰武宏泰农牧科技有限公司,辽宁彰武123200 [4]昌图县镇村振兴发展服务中心古榆树分中心,辽宁昌图112500

出　　处：《园艺与种苗》2024年第7期69-74,88,共7页Horticulture & Seed

基　　金：国家基金面上项目(No.32071551);国家重点研发专项课题(23YFD15009-05);阜新市重点研发项目(农业专项)。

摘　　要：[目的]研究玉米苗期摘叶处理对茎秆特性及抗倒伏性的影响。[方法]2019—2020年在凤城和彰武进行田间试验,系统研究苗期摘叶(5叶1心期和6叶1心期)对玉米茎秆抗倒伏特性及产量的影响。[结果]苗期摘叶改变了玉米植株形态特征,凤城和彰武2地表现出相似规律。与未摘叶相比,苗期摘叶处理穗下茎节节数减少1~2节,穗位以下茎节长度缩短,但对穗位以上茎节长度无影响,玉米株高和穗位高分别降低了26~37 cm和16~26 cm;苗期摘叶处理对玉米基部第1~2茎节的茎秆抗弯折力略有提高,但对茎秆抗穿刺和抗压碎能力无显著影响;苗期摘叶处理对气生根的根直径和入土夹角无显著影响,但气生根入土条数和入土深度略有增加;凤城玉米倒伏率显著高于彰武,苗期摘叶使凤城玉米植株倒伏率降低了14.8~23.4个百分点。苗期摘叶降低了玉米空秆率,玉米植株叶面积指数降低,库源比增高,玉米生育期延迟了7~11 d。在倒伏严重的凤城地区,5叶1心期摘叶玉米产量增加了9.54%~17.2%,6叶1心期摘叶对玉米产量无显著影响;而在倒伏发生相对轻的彰武地区,6叶1心期摘叶处理反而减产5.75%~12.8%。[结论]苗期摘叶可通过减少穗下节数量、缩短节间长度等,促进玉米穗位降低,从而有效控制倒伏,实现提高玉米产量的目的;摘叶时期是影响玉米产量效应的决定因素。苗期摘叶提高了高密种植玉米的潜力。本研究结果对玉米增产及培育抗倒伏玉米品种具有重要启发及实践意义,在倒伏易发生地区具有较好的应用前景。[Objective]To study the effects of defoliation at seedling stage on lodging resistance and internode length characteristic of maize.[Method]A 2-year field experiment at two sites(Fengcheng and Zhangwu)was conducted to investigate the effect of defoliation at two seedling stage(5-leaf and 1-heart stage and 6-leaf and 1-heart stage)on the stem lodging resistance and yield of maize.[Result]Defoliation at seedling stage changed the morphological characteristics of maize plants,with similar patterns observed in Fengcheng and Zhangwu.Compared with the control group without defoliation,defoliationt at seedling stage reduced the number of stem nodes under the ear by 1-2 nodes,shortened the length of stem nodes below the ear position,but had no effect on the length of stem nodes above the ear position.The maize plant height and ear height decreased by 26-37 cm and 16-26 cm,respectively;Defoliation at seedling stage slightly improved the stem bending resistance of the 1-2 stem nodes at the base of maize,but had no significant effect on the stem puncture resistance and crush resistance;Defoliation at seedling stage had no significant effect on the root diameter and insertion angle of aerial roots,but the number and depth of aerial roots inserted into the soil slightly increased;The lodging rate of corn in Fengcheng was significantly higher than that in Zhangwu,and defoliation at seedling stage reduced the lodging rate of corn plants in Fengcheng by 14.8-23.4 percentage points.Defoliation at seedling stage reduced the corn vacancy rate,decreased the corn plant leaf area index,increased the sink source ratio,and delayed the corn growth period by 7-11 days.Grain yield of maize after defoliation at 5-leaf and 1-heart stage was increased by 9.54%-17.2%at Fengcheng and decreased by 5.75%-12.8%at 6-leaf and 1-heart stage at Zhangwu.[Conclusion]The results showed that defoliation at seedling stage increased maize yield especially for lodging-serious regions and reduced lodging percentage by improving crop lodging-related morphologi

关 键 词：苗期摘叶 玉米 倒伏 茎节 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]