麦积山石窟松鼠科动物排泄物清洗及其驱避防治  

Excrement cleaning and repellent of sciurine species in Maijishan Grottoes

作　　者：贺东鹏[1,2,3] 李隆 武发思[1,2,3] 陈章 胡军舰 张金虎 岳永强 HE Dongpeng;LI Long;WU Fasi;CHEN Zhang;HU Junjian;ZHANG Jinhu;YUE Yongqiang(Dunhuang Academy,Jiuquan 736200,China;National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites(Dunhuang Academy),Jiuquan 736200,China;Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage(Dunhuang Academy),Jiuquan 736200,China;Cultural Heritage Conservation and Design Consulting Co.,Ltd.of Mogao Grottoes,Jiuquan 736200,China;Institute of Maijishan Grottoes Art,Dunhuang Academy,Tianshui 741020,China;Centre for Cultural Heritage Conservation Technology Services of the Dunhuang Academy,Lanzhou 730000,China)

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院,甘肃酒泉736200 [2]国家古代壁画与土遗址保护工程技术研究中心(敦煌研究院),甘肃酒泉736200 [3]甘肃省敦煌文物保护研究中心(敦煌研究院),甘肃酒泉736200 [4]甘肃莫高窟文化遗产保护设计咨询有限公司,甘肃酒泉736200 [5]敦煌研究院麦积山石窟艺术研究所,甘肃天水741020 [6]敦煌研究院文物保护技术服务中心,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2024年第4期76-85,共10页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32060258)资助;甘肃省陇原青年英才项目(00151)资助;中共甘肃省委组织部2022年度省级重点人才项目资助;甘肃省文物保护科学和技术研究课题(GSWW202229)资助;敦煌研究院院级课题(2022-KJ-YB-8)资助。

摘　　要：动物在古代壁画及彩塑表面活动常造成极难清除的排泄物污染,影响文物美学价值并引起其他类型病害。复齿鼯鼠(Trogopterus xanthipes)与岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)是常年活动于麦积山石窟及周边的两种松鼠科动物,其棕黑色的固液排泄物大量分布在石窟文物、喷锚崖体、栈道表面以及栿孔内部。本研究通过生物酶及表面活性剂配以4%吸水性树脂(SAP)的方法对污染区域进行贴敷处理,以筛选最适清洗试剂及工艺。结果表明,人工唾液处理前后色差最大,与对照区差异显著(色差值为8.311±0.798 CIELab单位,P<0.05),且洗净率最大(59.6%),是理想的清洗试剂。在此基础上分别采用金属驱避刺、辣椒素(CAP)以及超声波驱避器开展致害物种现场驱避实验。监测发现,三种驱避措施有一定差异性:金属刺对岩松鼠具有很强的驱避性,布设后其无法在有刺范围内活动,而喷洒辣椒素可明显降低复齿鼯鼠单日最大活动时长和日平均活动次数,两种松鼠科动物均可快速适应超声波,驱避有效期仅有5d左右。因此,针对不同物种可复合多种措施综合驱避。本研究可对遗产地动物排泄物清洗及有害物种驱避提供科学依据和实践指导。The activities of animals on the surfaces of murals and painted sculptures often result in fecal pollution hard to remove,which affects the aesthetic value and tends to cause various types of deterioration.Trogopterus xanthipes and Sciurotamias davidianus are two kinds of squirrels that live in and around the Maijishan Grottoes all the year round.Their brownish-black solid and liquid excrement is widely distributed on the grottoes,shotcreted cliff,surface of the trestle path and inner part of beam holes.This study is aimed at identifying screen cleaning agents and techniques for the restoration of polluted areas.This was done by coating the tested zone with biological enzymes and surfactants combined with 4%absorbent resin(SAP).The results show that the area of cleaning with artificial saliva displayed the maximum color difference,which was significantly different from the control area(the color difference values were 8.311±0.798 CIELab units,P<0.05)and the greatest clearing rate(59.6%),which acted as an ideal cleaning agent.The species repellent experiment was carried out based on the above results.Metal spikes,capsaicin and ultrasonic avoidance devices were used for conducting on-site repellent experiments of the noxious animals.Using infrared camera monitoring,it was found that the repellent effects of the three measures were different:metal spikes had an intense effect on Sciurotamias davidianus,and they could not move within the range of the spikes after deployment;Trogopterus xanthipes showed sensitivity to capsaicin,and there was an obvious decrease in the maximum duration of activity and average daily activity frequency after spraying.The ultrasonic repellent device had a certain repellent effect at the early stage of installation,but later both of the species showed adaptability.Therefore,a reasonable combination of measures should be selected depending on the animal species.The results of this study provide a scientific basis and practical guidance for cleaning animal excrement and repelling harmful sp

关 键 词：麦积山石窟 动物损害 排泄物 酶清洗 驱避防治 

分 类 号：K879.24[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q958.118[历史地理—历史学]