从资助到危机:美国高校学生资助政策演进中未兑现的平等承诺  

From Aid to Crisis:The Unfulfilled Equality Promise in the Evolution of Student Assistance Policy in American Higher Education

作　　者：王慧敏[1] 郑樱涵 WANG Huimin;ZHENG Yinghan(School of Education,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310028,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学教育学院,杭州310028

出　　处：《重庆高教研究》2024年第5期47-59,共13页Chongqing Higher Education Research

基　　金：教育部教育管理信息中心教育管理与决策研究服务专项委托课题“国外科学教育战略行动研究及其数据库建设”(EMIC-YJC-2022008)。

摘　　要：1965年颁布的《高等教育法》是美国的一部里程碑式高等教育法案,以学生资助政策为核心,旨在消除贫困学生接受高等教育的经济障碍。该法案诞生之初以促进高等教育机会平等为使命,在实施过程中确实为弱势群体接受高等教育发挥了重要作用。然而,随着时代的变化以及政策本身的流变,在经历了数次重新授权和修订之后,《高等教育法》中的学生资助政策逐渐异化,甚至走向资助的反面,演变成学生长久无法摆脱的经济枷锁乃至全社会的债务危机。法案的平等初心回应了弱势群体对高等教育的期待,但这一承诺在法案的实施过程中逐渐淡化,资助政策的方向发生偏移,出现了资助对象泛化、资助方式从助学金向贷款项目不断倾斜、高校学费快速攀升和学生贷款债务难以偿还等诸多问题,以促进平等为初衷的《高等教育法》并未真正打破弱势群体的贫困循环。尽管资助规模不断扩大,但旨在促进平等的资助最终蜕变为弱势群体的债务枷锁,庞大的学生贷款债务成为联邦政府和全社会的沉重负担。学生资助政策基于平等原则而制定,但实施效果与立法宗旨及政策制定者的设想相去甚远,其原因既有高等教育中平等与卓越两大追求的冲突,也有特定时代背景和特殊政治体制的影响。在教育政策的实施中如何不忘初心,实现教育公平,既是理解美国教育的批判视角,也是当下需要审慎思考的普遍议题。Higher Education Act of 1965 is a significant act in American higher education.The core part of the act is the student financial aid policy,aiming to remove the economic barriers for poor students to enter universities and colleges.The act has taken the mission of promoting the opportunity equality in higher education since its birth.During the process of implementation,it has indeed played an important role in enabling disadvantaged groups to accept higher education.However,with the changes of the times and the policy itself,after several reauthorizations and amendment,the student financial aid policy has been alienated,even moving to the opposite side of the equality original intention of financial aid and evolving into economic shackles of students and the debt crisis of the whole society.The act’s original intention of equality did respond to the expectations of disadvantaged groups for higher education,but the equal lofty commitment gradually declined during the implementation process and the direction of the policy had shifted too.Many problems have arisen,such as the generalization of the funding students,the continuous inclination from grants to loan program,the rapid rise of college tuition,the difficulty of repaying student loan debt and so on.Though originally intended to promote equality,the act actually didn’t break the cycle of poverty.Although the scale of funding continues to expand,higher education is still essentially unaffordable for disadvantaged groups,and the funding designed to promote equality has eventually moving into debt shackles,and the huge student loan debt has become a heavy burden for the federal government and the whole society.The student financial aid policy is based on the principle of equality,but the actual implementation effect is far from the legislative purpose,which is not only because of the conflict between the two pursuits of equality and excellence in higher education,but also effected by the influence of specific era background and special political system.In an

关 键 词：《高等教育法》 教育公平 学生资助 学生贷款 债务危机 

分 类 号：G645[文化科学—高等教育学]