西周基层社会组织及其治理研究——以畿内采邑为中心  

A Study on Grassroots Social Organizations and Their Governance in the Western Zhou Dynasty -Focusing on the Fiefs of the Royal Capital

作　　者：叶先闯 Ye Xianchuang

机构地区：[1]广西师范大学历史文化与旅游学院历史系

出　　处：《中国文化与管理》2024年第1期214-232,276,共20页Chinese Culture and Management

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“多卷本《西周史》”(项目编号:17ZDA179);广西师范大学2022年度国家社科基金培育项目“采邑与西周王朝治国理政研究”(项目编号:2023PY 007)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：欲探讨西周基层社会面貌,畿内采邑是重要的载体。传世礼书记载西周采邑有方百里、七十里、五十里的三等之说,并不足信。从更为直接的考古遗址材料分析,采邑聚落规模最大者,面积可超百万平方米,数量稀少;次一级采邑面积在50万平方米左右;第三等采邑规模在10万—20万平方米,最低等级采邑规模在1万—5万平方米,共四个等级,且后两等采邑从数量上看是主体。由于采邑等级有别,其内部统辖方式可分两种,宗邑、属邑、基层村落的三级模式为大型采邑所有,宗邑直领基层村落的两级模式或系基层社会主要构成形态。具体深入采邑内部,其基本组织按地域可分成两大类:一是近都或采邑城内的居民编组,以25家为一里,下分家、伍、什,上有扁和族;二是乡遂鄙野之地的组织,以30家为一邑代表基层村落,上或有卒。从央地关系上考察,采邑庶几为西周国家基层组织,对采邑的监管特别是地方有司对采邑土田民人的管控和过问,集中展现了西周王朝对基层社会治理的重要面相。The fiefdoms in the royal capital were important carriers,embodying the grassroots social landscape of the Western Zhou Dynasty.The Book of Rites records,though not credible,three levels of fiefdoms in the Western Zhou Dynasty:one hundred li,seventy li,and fifty li.Direct analysis of archaeological site materials demonstrates a total of four types of fiefdom settlements:the largest,rare,can cover an area of over a million square meters;the second about 500,000 square meters;the third from 100,000 to 200,000 square meters,and the smallest from 100,00 to 50,000 square meters.The latter two classes of fiefs are the main ones in terms of quantity.Different fiefdoms have two models of internal governance:the three-level model of zong-yi,shu-yi,and grassroots villages for large fiefdoms,and the two-level model of zong-yi and grassroots villages(the main form of grassroots governance).Specifically,the basic organization form can be divided into two categories geographically:the residential grouping within the fiefdom capital,with 25 households per Li,further divided into Families,Wu,Shi,Bian and Zu;the residential grouping in rural areas,with 30 households per Yi,with the grassroots villages and maybe some soldiers.From the perspective of the relationship between the central and local governments,the fiefdoms were grassroots organizations of the Western Zhou Dynasty.The supervision over the fiefdoms,especially the control and management of the local officials over the land and people in the fiefdoms,highlighted the important aspect of the Western Zhou Dynasty's governance over grassroots society.

关 键 词：采邑规模 采邑等级 统辖模式 基层组织 社会治理 

分 类 号：K224[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]