催收非法债务罪中“非法债务”的法教义学展开  

Examination of the"Illegal Debt"in the Crime of Collecting Illegal Debt:From the Perspective of Legal Dogmatics

作　　者：潘华杰 PAN Huajie(Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院刑事法研究中心

出　　处：《犯罪研究》2024年第3期32-48,共17页Chinese Criminology Review

摘　　要：催收非法债务罪的政策目标是同时实现法网严密化和刑罚轻缓化,法益构建需要考虑经济秩序与社会生活秩序两个面向。催收非法债务的行为之所以为刑法所禁止,是因为催收行为之非法性与债务之非法性相加达到了需要科处刑罚的程度。催收非法债务罪中的“非法债务”要素具有双重功能:一是基于非法性,解决处罚根据问题,实现法网严密化;二是基于债务性,解决犯罪界分问题,实现刑罚轻缓化。“非法债务”的认定需要围绕非法性与债务性要素进行类型化考察:对于高利放贷,应当区分普通的民间借贷与经营性的放贷活动,区分集资型、放贷型与充分合意型借贷;对于赌债,应当区分狭义赌债、赌博借贷与出千赌债;对于“套路贷”,应当区分行为人是否实际交付给被害人本金、被害人是否自我答责。The normative purpose of the crime of collecting illegal debts is to achieve at the same time the tightening of the legal net and the reducing of penalties,and to protect economic order and social life order.Thus,the collection of an illegitimate debt is prohibited by criminal law because the illegality of the act of collection combined with the illegality of the debt is of such extent as to warrant the imposition of a penalty.In the construction of the crime of collecting illegal debts,the"illegal debt"plays a dual function:firstly,on the basis of illegality,it solves the problem of legislative legitimacy and tightens the legal net;secondly,on the basis of indebtedness,it solves the problem of the delimitation of the offence and reduces the penalties.The identification of the"illegal debt"requires a typological examination around the elements of illegitimacy and indebtedness.With regard to high interest lending,a distinction should be made between ordinary private lending and business lending activities,and between fund⁃raising,lending and fully consensual lending.With regard to gambling debts,a distinction should be made between gambling debts in the narrow sense,gambling loans and cheating on a gambling debt.With regard to fraudulent loan,a distinction should be made regarding whether the perpetrator actually delivers the principal amount to the victim and whether the victim is self⁃responsible.

关 键 词：催收非法债务罪 非法债务 高利放贷 赌债 套路贷 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]