侧深施肥通过优化叶片功能与氮素积累来提高大豆产量  

Deep side fertilization improved soybean yield by optimizing leaf function and nitrogen accumulation

作　　者：徐一帆 徐彩龙 李瑞东 吴宗声 华建鑫 杨琳[1] 宋雯雯[1] 吴存祥[1] XU Yi-Fan;XU Cai-Long;LI Rui-Dong;WU Zong-Sheng;HUA Jian-Xin;YANG Lin;SONG Wen-Wen;WU Cun-Xiang(Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Soybean Industrial Technology R&D Center,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/国家大豆产业技术研发中心,北京100081

出　　处：《作物学报》2024年第9期2335-2346,共12页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFE0105000);国家自然科学基金项目(32101845);财政部和农业农村部现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-04)资助。

摘　　要：肥料为作物提供必要的营养元素,促进光合作用的进行,推动作物的生长和产量形成。黄淮海平原是我国优质大豆主要产区,优化该地区施肥技术对于提高大豆单产,缓解我国大豆进口压力具有重要意义。本试验设置不施肥(nofertilization,F0)、侧深施肥(sidedeepfertilization,F1)、等距施肥(equidistantdeepfertilization,F2)和地表撒施(surfacefertilization,F3)4个处理,研究不同施肥方式下大豆叶片生理指标、物质积累和产量构成的变化规律,旨在阐明施肥方式与大豆生产的相互关系,为黄淮海地区大豆绿色高效生产提供理论支撑。结果表明, F1处理增加了大豆荚粒期叶片的光系统Ⅱ潜在光化学量子产量(F_(v)/F_(m))、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率[Y(Ⅱ)]、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学荧光淬灭系数(q_(P));相较于其他处理, F1处理大豆生育后期叶片的Y(Ⅱ)增加3.61%~22.86%。在抗氧化代谢方面, F1处理显著提高了大豆叶片的SOD和CAT活性,与其他处理相比,鼓粒后期F1处理叶片SOD和CAT活性分别提高6.32%~35.34%和1.93%~50.55%,进而促进了叶片净光合速率的提升(29.42%~70.10%)。F1处理光合功能的改善提升了生育中后期干物质(1.17%~101.18%)和氮素(1.01%~88.14%)的积累,为产量的增加奠定基础。施肥方式的改变(F1、F2处理)显著提高了大豆产量,较F3处理分别提高了10.66%和6.55%。进一步分析发现,大豆叶片F_(v)/F_(m)、Y(Ⅱ)、P_(n)、SOD和CAT活性与单株荚数、单株粒数和产量均呈显著正相关。综上,侧深施肥增强了大豆叶片后期抗氧化系统的功能,提升光合与物质积累,优化产量构成,促进大豆增产。Fertilizers play a crucial role in providing essential nutrients for crops,promoting photosynthesis,and enhancing crop growth and yield formation.The Huang-Huai-Hai region is a significant soybean production area in China,known for high-quality soybean cultivation.Optimizing fertilization techniques in this region is pivotal for improving soybean yields and reducing soy-bean import pressure in China.In this experiment,we implemented four treatments:no fertilization(F0),side deep fertilization(F1),equidistant deep fertilization(F2),and surface fertilization(F3).The objective was to study the variations in soybean leaf physiological indices,material accumulation,and yield composition under different fertilization methods.Our aim was to eluci-date the relationship between fertilization practices and soybean production,providing theoretical support for sustainable and efficient soybean production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.The results demonstrated that the F1 treatment significantly increased the potential photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II(Fv/Fm),the actual photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II[Y(II)],the electron transfer rate(ETR),and the photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient(qP)of soybean leaves during the pod-grain stage.Compared to the other treatments,the F1 treatment led to a 3.61%-22.86% increase in Y(II)in soybean leaves during the late reproductive stage.Regarding antioxidant metabolism,the F1 treatment significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)in soybean leaves.In comparison to the other treatments,the F1-treated leaves exhibited a 6.32%-35.34%increase in SOD activity and a 1.93%-50.55%increase in CAT activity during the late seed filling stage,subsequently contributing to a boosted net photosynthetic rate(29.42%-70.10%).The enhancement of photosynthetic func-tion in the F1 treatment resulted in increased dry matter(1.17%-101.18%)and nitrogen(1.01%-88.14%)accumulation during the middle and late fertility stages,providing a foundation

关 键 词：侧深施肥 叶绿素 荧光参数 光合能力 产量 

分 类 号：S565.1[农业科学—作物学]