亚里士多德《气象学》中的矿物成因理论  

The Theory of Mineral Genesis in Aristotle's Meteorologica

作　　者：严弼宸 YAN Bichen(Department of the History of Science,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学哲学系,北京100084

出　　处：《自然科学史研究》2024年第2期240-250,共11页Studies in The History of Natural Sciences

摘　　要：亚里士多德在《气象学》中提出的散发物理论被视作西方矿物成因理论的重要源头。但对该理论的解释通常仅将散发物片面地理解为质料因,这与研究者往往将矿物与其他气象现象割裂,作为专门研究对象孤立看待不无关系。本文将矿石与金属重新置于亚氏气象学的整体结构中,从质料、效力和产生位置三方面解读矿石与金属的成因,分析二者在气象等级秩序中的位置。本文表明,《气象学》中矿石和金属的生成最终依赖于天界,但因二者处于远离天界的气象秩序末端,使天界的影响十分间接。由此阿格里科拉得以彻底颠覆亚氏矿物理论,使矿物成因从天界完全转移到大地自身。地下世界最终在16世纪从《气象学》中的月下气象秩序分离出去,成为独立自足的领域。The mineral exhalation theory proposed by Aristotle in Meteorologica was regarded as an important source of the western theory of mineral genesis.However,exhalations were usually understood one-sidedly as material causes of minerals,which is related to the fact that minerals were not usually considered meteorological phenomena in the modern sense and were therefore treated as a specialized field.In this paper,stones and metals are repositioned within the overall structure of Aristotle's meteorology,interpreting the origin of ores and metals from three aspects:material,function and production location,and by analysing their genesis,the position of stones and metals in the meteorological hierarchical order is determined.This paper shows that the generation of minerals in Meteorologica was ultimately dependent on heaven.Nevertheless,stones and metals were influenced by heaven only in indirect ways,due to their lowest position in the meteorological order far from the sun.As a result,Georgius Agricola was able to reverse the mineral theory of Aristotle thoroughly so that the causes of minerals were completely transferred from heaven to the subterrane.In the 16th century,the subterranean world was finally separated from the structured sublunar world in Meteorologica and became an independent and self-sufficient field of study.

关 键 词：亚里士多德 《气象学》 矿物成因 散发物 阿格里科拉 

分 类 号：N09[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]