汉语结构性焦点分布规律及其实现条件  

On the Distribution and Conditions of Chinese Structural Focus

作　　者：国佳 冯丽萍[2] 丁国盛 GUO Jia;FENG Li-ping;DING Guo-sheng(Beijing Foreign Studies University,Beijing 100089;Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875)

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学中文学院,北京100089 [2]北京师范大学国际中文教育学院,北京100875 [3]北京师范大学心理学部,北京100875

出　　处：《汉语学习》2024年第4期93-103,共11页Chinese Language Learning

基　　金：教育部中外语言交流合作中心课题“国际中文在线教育模式创新与优化研究”(项目编号:22YH08A);国家自然科学基金面上项目“基于双脑范式和个体神经指纹检测的汉英双语者双语神经表征机制研究”(项目编号:31971036);世界汉语教学学会2023年中青年学术创新项目“不同类型初始态对二语句法复杂程度增值发展的预测力研究”(项目编号:SH23Y04)的资助。

摘　　要：本文通过分析40位汉语母语者对25种句式结构中焦点的识别情况发现,汉语焦点分布与句法结构存在规律性对应关系,结构性焦点通常为无辅助成分句的句尾成分、有辅助成分句的辅助成分、分裂句“是”后成分、数量结构修饰成分。多重语言因素共同影响结构性焦点分布,作用于同一成分时会增加其突显性;作用于不同成分时,各结构性焦点标记手段依作用从强到弱呈现序列性:分裂句或数量结构(明显形式标记)>句中辅助成分位置(语义附加性)>句尾位置(信息流方向),作用更强的手段在竞争中获胜,最终确定焦点位置。语义功能上,结构性焦点的分布体现了句子高低层次语义之间中层次的信息结构义。中层次语义的提出从理论上完善了汉语语义语法体系。Based on the analysis of 40 native speakers’identifications of focuses in 25 different Chinese sentence structures,this paper reveals a regular correlation between focus distribution and syntactic structure in Chinese.The structural focuses usually take the form of the end component in the sentence without modifiers,the auxiliary component in the sentence with modifiers,the component after“shi”in the cleft sentence,and the component modified by the numeral-classifier structures.Multiple linguistic factors jointly affect the distribution of Chinese structural focus.When the same component becomes salient as focus,a superimposed effect will generate and make the focus more prominent.When different components are involved,the means of marking focus can be ranked from strong to weak:the cleft sentence or numeral-classifier structure(obvious form marking)>auxiliary component in the middle of the sentence(semantic additionality)>end position of the sentence(direction of information flow),with stronger means ultimately determining which component becoming the focus.The distribution of structural focus reflects the middle-level information-structure meaning of sentences.The proposal of middle-level meaning of the sentence improves the semantic system of Chinese sentence theoretically.

关 键 词：结构性焦点 分裂句 自然焦点 信息结构 中层次语义 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]