植物不是物,是什么——植物主体化思潮与相应立法研究  

What Is a Plant If Not an Object:A Study on the Trend of Plant Subjectification and the Corresponding Legislation

作　　者：徐国栋[1] Xu Guodong

机构地区：[1]厦门大学法学院,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《湖湘法学评论》2024年第3期99-114,共16页Huxiang Law Revie

摘　　要：继《奥地利民法典》于1988年采用动物非物的规定后,2000年的《阿塞拜疆民法典》第135条第3款采用了植物非物的规定,两者配合,开启了非人类生命去客体化的思潮。1992年的《瑞士宪法》第120条赋予植物尊严权,也是这一思潮的体现。阿塞拜疆和瑞士的规定建立在非人类生命界的去动物中心主义的成果上。为了提高植物的法律地位,学界进行了大量的植物有智力的论证。实际上,这种论证并非植物获得主体资格的基础,其基础是植物的良好生存代表的生态利益,所以应采用法益实体说来证成植物的主体资格。植物的主体化挑战人类的食物权,可通过把植物分为自由植物和孤立植物来解决两种需求的矛盾。孤立植物可以为人所用,但不得浪费,并且要带着尊敬享用。如果承认植物的尊严权,我国《民法典》承认的植物新品种权的正当性将面临挑战,同样受到挑战的还有我国《宪法》在国有自然资源权框架下作出的保护珍贵的动物和植物的规定。在宪法生态化的思潮下,此等规定应在调整为也包纳其他权属下的动植物后与我国《宪法》关于国家保护环境的责任的规定合并,并增加禁止对动植物实施任意的基因操作的规定,由此实现动植物的主体化。Following the adoption of the norm that an animal is not a thing in the Austrian Civil Code in 1988,the Azerbaijani Civil Code of the year 2000 adopted the norm that a plant is not a thing in Article 135,Paragraph 3,which,in conjunction with each other,initiated a trend of de-objectification of non-human life,which is also reflected in Article 120 of the Swiss Constitution of 1992,granting the right to dignity to plants.The Azerbaijani and Swiss provisions build on the fruits of de-animal centrism of non-human life.In order to improve the legal status of plants,that a great deal of argumentation for plants has intellectual has been carried out in the academic world.In fact,such arguments are not the basis for the subjectivity of plants;such a basis is the ecological interests represented by the good survival of plants,so the legal entity doctrine should be used to substantiate the subjectivity of plants.The subjectification of plants challenges the human rights to food,and the contradiction between the two demands can be resolved by dividing plants into free and isolated plants.Isolated plants can be used for human consumption but must not be wasted and are to be enjoyed with respect.If the right to dignity of plants is recognised,the legitimacy of the rights to new varieties of plants recognised in our Civil Code will be challenged,as will the provisions of our Constitution for the protection of precious animals and plants made within the framework of the rights to state-owned natural resources.In the context of the ecological approach to the Constitution,these provisions should be merged with those of the Constitution that add to the State’s responsibility to protect the environment,after adjusting them to include plants and animals under other tenures,and adding a provision prohibiting the arbitrary genetic manipulation of plants and animals,thus realising the subjectivisation of plants and animals.

关 键 词：植物非物 植物智力 植物的尊严权 《阿塞拜疆民法典》 植物的宪法地位 

分 类 号：D901[政治法律—法学理论]