载人飞行航天员处置突发故障的能力训练需求分析与方法探索  

Analysis of Training Requirements and Exploration of Methods for Capability of Astronauts to Handle Sudden Fault in Manned Spaceflight

作　　者：张贵平 黄伟芬[1] 吴大蔚[1] 赵静[1] 王焰磊[1] 孙洪义[1] 马广 田勇 赵鹏程 周晓艳 ZHANG Guiping;HUANG Weifen;WU Dawei;ZHAO Jing;WANG Yanlei;SUN Hongyi;MA Guang;TIAN Yong;ZHAO Pengcheng;ZHOU Xiaoyan(China Astronaut Research and Training Center,100094,China)

机构地区：[1]中国航天员科研训练中心,北京100094

出　　处：《载人航天》2024年第4期411-418,共8页Manned Spaceflight

摘　　要：载人飞行中处置突发故障的能力是航天员应具备的重要能力之一。介绍了中国载人飞行空间站任务组合体应急与故障的分类,利用胜任力洋葱模型从组合体应急与故障处理的内容、任务要求等方面对航天员具备的胜任能力由内到外分层剖析,得出组合体应急与故障处理胜任能力各元素,根据组合体应急与故障处理航天员应具备的能力特点构建了组合体应急与故障处理能力的结构模型;对训练的方法进行研究,并从训练的途径和举措方面出发对需要关注的问题开展了研究。通过多次在轨飞行任务航天员应对各类故障的处置情况及失压失火在轨演练中航天员的表现,验证了训练方法的科学合理性。The capability to handle sudden fault in manned spaceflight is one of the important capa⁃bilities of astronauts.The classification of emergency and fault in the space complex of our Space Sta⁃tion Mission was described.Based on the competency Onion Model,the stratified analysis was con⁃ducted from inside to outside for the competency that astronauts should possess from aspects such as the content of emergency and fault handling,and the mission requirements etc.Different elements of emergency and fault handling competency were obtained.According to characteristics of the competen⁃cy that astronaut possess to handle emergency and fault of the space complex,the capability structural model was built.The training methods were investigated.At last,the issues that need attention from the perspectives of training methods and measures were reflected deeply.The scientific rationality of the training method was verified by the handling of various faults by astronauts and the performance of astronauts in on⁃orbit pressure loss or fire accident drills in multiple China Space Station missions.

关 键 词：载人飞行 空间站 航天员 应急与故障处理能力 训练 

分 类 号：V11[航空宇航科学与技术—人机与环境工程]