从地震到星震  

Quakes:From the Earth to Stars

作　　者：路瑞鹏 高勇 胡岩 来小禹 李洪波 卢吉光 邵立晶 王平[6] 汪卫华 王维扬 夏铖君 胥恒 徐仁新 徐世庆 岳汉[1] 赵里 郑小平 周恩平[11] 邹远川 LU RuiPeng;GAO Yong;HU Yan;LAI XiaoYu;LI HongBo;LU JiGuang;SHAO LiJing;WANG Ping;WANG WeiHua;WANG WeiYang;XIA ChengJun;XU Heng;XU RenXin;XU ShiQing;YUE Han;ZHAO Li;ZHENG XiaoPing;ZHOU EnPing;ZOU YuanChuan(Institute of Theoretical and Applied Geophysics,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;School of Earth and Space Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230026,China;Research Center for Astronomy,Hubei University of Education,Wuhan 430205,China;National Astronomical Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;Institute of High Energy Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;College of Mathematics and Physics,Wenzhou University,Wenzhou 325035,China;School of Astronomy and Space Science,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Center for Gravitation and Cosmology,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China;Department of Earth and Space Sciences,Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen 518055,China;Department of Astronomy,School of Physics,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China;Institute of Astrophysics,Central China Normal University,Wuhan 430079,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学理论与应用地球物理研究所,北京100871 [2]北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所,北京100871 [3]中国科学技术大学地球和空间科学学院,合肥230026 [4]湖北第二师范学院天文学研究中心,武汉430205 [5]中国科学院国家天文台,北京100101 [6]中国科学院高能物理研究所,北京100049 [7]温州大学数理学院,温州325035 [8]中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院,北京100049 [9]扬州大学引力与宇宙学研究中心,扬州225009 [10]南方科技大学地球与空间科学系,深圳518055 [11]华中科技大学物理学院天文系,武汉430074 [12]华中师范大学天体物理研究所,武汉430079

出　　处：《中国科学：物理学、力学、天文学》2024年第8期27-48,共22页Scientia Sinica Physica,Mechanica & Astronomica

基　　金：科技部平方公里阵列射电望远镜专项(编号:2020SKA0120100);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(编号:XDB0550300,XDB42020104);国家自然科学基金(编号:42074048)资助项目。

摘　　要：探索强引力场情形下致密物质的存在形式伴随着人类认识和发展量子论与引力论的历程,也是当今天文学和物理学领域的热点话题.主序恒星耗尽自身核能源后将会残留这类物质构成的致密天体,进而为多信使天文学提供可靠的观测目标.若致密天体的质量不够大、自引力不足以强到塌缩成黑洞,则星核所有原子核可能会挤成一团而表现为“巨核”,即观测到的脉冲星.限于低能强相互作用的认识,虽然尚未定论这类极致密物质的本质,但是有明确的观测证据表明丰富的极端天体物理事件(如伽马射线暴、快速射电暴等)跟巨核紧密相关.值得注意的是,脉冲星往往具有固态的组成部分,在内部应力积累达到某个临界值时将会自然地发生星震.这一事件很可能跟地震类似,并诱发天体的剧烈活动.在回顾了致密星的研究历史和争议后,本文简述地震现象,探讨地震与星震的相似性,进而介绍与脉冲星相关的众多观测现象以及星震的理论模型,最后总结并展望相关研究的未来.希望此文能够促进地震学和天体物理学的交叉融合,期待借助于更高精度多信使天文观测最终揭晓巨核的本质,从而加深关于低能强力的理解.Investigation of the state of dense matter,especially at the supranuclear density,is closely linked with our understanding of the nature of quantum and gravity.It is still a hot topic in the new era of multi-messenger astronomy.The compact objects formed from this dense matter are the remains of massive stars left after the exhaustion of their nuclear energy,providing reliable targets for astronomical telescope observations.All nuclei within the core of a star compress together into a“gigantic nucleus”,to be manifested in the form of a pulsar if the mass is not so large that its self-gravity can be strong enough to collapse into a black hole.Currently,no definitive opinion on the nature of dense matter exists because of the lack of understanding about the rich effects of nonperturbative strong interaction at low energy.However,clear observational evidence demonstrates that many extreme astrophysical events,such as gamma ray bursts and fast radio bursts,are closely related to gigantic nuclei.Solid components exist in pulsars,enabling starquakes to occur when stress exceeds a critical value.The starquakes are analogous to earthquakes on Earth and can further trigger explosive astrophysical activities.In this article,we first review the historical notes on dense matter and briefly discuss the physics of earthquakes,relevant theories,and the similarities between earthquakes and starquakes.We then introduce the observational aspects related to pulsars and present a theoretical model for starquakes and an outlook for future studies.We hope that our effort will lead to more interdisciplinary collaborations between seismological and astrophysical communities so that the nature of gigantic nuclei can be revealed using advanced multi-messenger observations.This knowledge will help further understand the fundamental strong force at low energy using gigantic nuclei.

关 键 词：脉冲星 地震 星震 核物质 全球地震 

分 类 号：P68[天文地球—地质学]