鄱阳湖白鹤越冬期不同阶段食物组成  

Food compositions of Siberia cranes at Poyang Lake during different wintering periods

作　　者：丁慧芳 卞庆嘉 陈青[1,2,3] 王亚芳 徐志文 余定坤 王文娟 DING Huifang;BIAN Qingjia;CHEN Qing;WANG Yafang;XU Zhiwen;YU Dingkun;WANG Wenjuan(Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization,Ministry of Education,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China;Jiangxi Poyang Lake Wetland Conservation and Restoration National Permanent Scientific Research Base,National Ecosystem Research Station of Jiangxi Poyang Lake Wetland,Nanchang 330031,China;School of Life Science,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China;Jiangxi Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve Administration,Nanchang 330038,China;School of Ecology and Nature Conservation,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China;Center for East Asian-Australasian Flyway Studies,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China)

机构地区：[1]南昌大学鄱阳湖环境与资源利用教育部重点实验室,南昌330031 [2]江西鄱阳湖湿地保护与恢复国家长期科研基地江西鄱阳湖湿地生态系统国家定位观测研究站,南昌330031 [3]南昌大学生命科学学院,南昌330031 [4]江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区管理局,南昌330038 [5]北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院,北京100083 [6]北京林业大学东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙研究中心,北京100083

出　　处：《生态学报》2024年第15期6436-6444,共9页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(BLX202252,BH2022-06);国家自然科学基金项目(32160132);南昌大学鄱阳湖环境与资源利用教育部重点实验室开放基金(2022Y07)。

摘　　要：鄱阳湖是IUCN极危鸟类白鹤(Leucogeranus leucogeranus)极为重要的越冬地。以前白鹤在鄱阳湖主要以沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria spp.)冬芽为食。课题组前期研究表明,近年来鄱阳湖苦草冬芽锐减导致白鹤的食物组成发生了变化,稻谷(Oryza sativa)、莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera)、蓼子草(Persicaria criopolitana)等已成为白鹤的主要食物。由于鄱阳湖食物资源丰富度存在较大的年内波动,白鹤的食物组成也可能随之变化,目前对于白鹤的食物组成随越冬期的变化情况尚不清楚。为此,基于2020/2021和2021/2022年越冬季采集的45份白鹤粪便样品,采用DNA宏条形码方法,对越冬期不同阶段白鹤的食物组成进行了分析,并对白鹤的生境利用情况进行了调查。结果表明,越冬期不同阶段白鹤的食物组成存在较大差异,在越冬前期(10月—11月),白鹤主要以莲藕((47.93±45.15)%SD)和蓼属(Persicaria;(47.63±43.43)%)为食;在越冬中期(12月—翌年1月),白鹤主要以蓼属((49.22±33.83)%)、莲藕((26.20±32.58)%)和水稻((19.08±35.18)%)为食;在越冬后期(翌年2月—3月),白鹤主要以蓼子草((23.94±16.75)%)、水稻((20.82±17.09)%)、莲藕((19.08±37.42)%)和禾本科((13.07±15.18)%)为食。NMDS和ANOSIM分析结果表明越冬期不同阶段的食物组成存在显著差异。白鹤的食性生态位宽度在越冬后期最宽(4.72±0.78),在越冬前期最窄(1.18±0.04)。白鹤食物组成的变化与生境利用的变化趋势基本一致。白鹤在越冬前期主要利用藕塘,在越冬中期主要利用稻田和藕塘,在越冬后期对自然湿地的利用程度增加。越冬期不同阶段食物资源丰富度的变化可能导致了白鹤食物组成的变化。本研究有助于深入解析白鹤的食物组成及其影响因素,为白鹤保护政策的制定提供科学依据。Poyang Lake is an extremely important wintering ground for the Siberian crane(Leucogeranus leucogeranus,IUCN Critically Endangered),supporting about 85.7%of its global population.Previously,Siberian cranes primarily fed on tubers of Vallisneria spp.at shallow waters of nature wetlands at Poyang Lake.However,our previous studies indicated that,in recent years,a sharp decline of Vallisneria tubers has led to food composition shift of Siberian cranes.Rice grains(Oryza sativa),lotus root(Nelumbo nucifera)and Persicaria criopolitana have become important foods of Siberian cranes.Due to the temporal variation of food resources at Poyang Lake throughout the winter,the food compositions of Siberian cranes might also show temporal variation.Here,based on 45 fecal samples collected in the winters of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022,we used DNA metabarcoding to explore the temporal variation of food compositions of Siberian cranes during different wintering periods.The fecal samples were collected from five sites,covering the major habitats of Siberian cranes.We also surveyed the habitat use of Siberian cranes.We identified 29 food items in the feces of Siberian cranes,including 22 species,6 genera,and 1 family.Our analysis results revealed different food compositions in different wintering periods.In early winter(October—November),Siberian cranes primarily fed on lotus((47.93±45.15)%SD)and Persicaria((47.63±43.43)%).In mid-winter(December—January),Siberian cranes primarily fed on Persicaria((49.22±33.83)%),lotus((26.20±32.58)%),and rice((19.08±35.18)%).In late winter(February—March),Siberian cranes primarily fed on Persicaria criopolitana((23.94±16.75)%),rice((20.82±17.09)%),lotus((19.08±37.42)%),and Poaceae((13.07±15.18)%).The NMDS(Nonmetric multidimensional scaling)analysis separated the diet compositions of different wintering periods into different clusters.The ANOSIM(Analysis of similarities)analysis indicated that the diet composition differed significantly between each wintering periods.The numbers of food ite

关 键 词：白鹤 DNA宏条形码 农业用地 鄱阳湖 食性 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]