逻辑的问题  

The Question of Logic

作　　者： 李莉(译)[2] Saul A.Kripke

机构地区：[1]纽约城市学院 [2]湖北大学哲学学院

出　　处：《哲学分析》2024年第4期108-134,198,199,共29页Philosophical Analysis

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“当代逻辑哲学重大前沿问题研究”(项目编号:17ZDA024)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在逻辑认识论中,有这样一个蒯因式教条:逻辑与其他科学理论之间没有明显的分别,逻辑只是用来组织经验的工具之一。最初“采用”的经典逻辑就很好地经受住了经验的考验。普特南在其著名论文《逻辑是经验的吗?》中也提出“采用”一种特定的非经典逻辑来解决量子力学基础问题的建议。克里普克则从论证过程、直觉在其中所起的作用以及方法论层面对普特南的论证进行了反驳。他分析指出,考虑到UI定律在实际推理中失效的例子,这种“采用”另一种逻辑的想法是得不到辩护的。即使退一步,采用的是一种规则而不是陈述,在实际推理中也可能无法从全称陈述推出特殊实例。其次,他讨论了矛盾律的情况、合取的情况,指出不能把逻辑定律当作假设从而得出结果,而是需要逻辑推理才能得出这些结果,不可能有一个中立的立场来讨论脱离逻辑本身得出结果的问题。最后,他认为不存在不同的逻辑,其实只有一种逻辑,即只有推理。如果一个新的形式系统有一些有趣的非正式解释,那么它可能体现了合理的逻辑原则,但不能“采用”它,只能尝试证明某个形式系统体现了(a)合理的原则,(b)某些联结词领域的完全的原则。广义来看,可能会有以前没有考虑过的新联结词,这可以称为“一种新的逻辑”。然而,发现逻辑规律,甚至找到几个世纪以来一直认为是合理原则的东西实际上是基于谬误的理由,并非因为“采用”了一种新的逻辑。In logical epistemology,there is a Quine dogma that there is no clear distinction between logic and other scientific theories,and that logic is just one of the tools used to organise experience.The original“adoption”of classical logic has stood the test of experience well.Putnam,in his famous paper“Is Logic Empirical?”also suggested the“adoption”of a particular non-classical logic to solve the problems underlying quantum mechanics.Kripke refutes Putnam’s argument on the basis of the argumentation process,the role of intuition in it,and the methodological level.He analyses that the idea of“adopting”another logic is not defensible,given the examples of UI laws that fail in practical reasoning.Even if one steps back and adopts a rule rather than a statement,it may not be possible in practical reasoning to derive particular instances from fully qualified statements.Second,he discusses the case of the law of contradiction,the case of conjunction,and points out that the laws of logic cannot be taken as assumptions from which results can be derived,but that logical reasoning is needed to arrive at these results,and that there can be no neutral position that discusses the problem of deriving results independently of the logic itself.Finally,he argues that there are no different logics,in fact there is only one logic,i.e.only reasoning.If a new formal system has some interesting informal interpretations,then it may embody sound logical principles,but one cannot“adopt”it,one can only try to show that a given formal system embodies(a)sound principles,and(b)fully-fledged principles in some conjunctive domain.In a broader sense,there may be new conjunctions that have not been considered before,and this can be called“a new logic”.In short,the discovery of laws of logic,or even of what have been considered sound··principles for centuries,is actually based on fallacious grounds,not on the“adoption”of a new logic.

关 键 词：采用问题 量子逻辑 推理规则 择代系统 

分 类 号：B81[哲学宗教—逻辑学]