外空矿物资源国际开采制度的法理基础与实施路径  

Legal Foundations and Implementation Paths for Establishing an International Regime on the Exploitation of Space Mineral Resources

作　　者：龙杰[1] 张韬 Long Jie;Zhang Tao

机构地区：[1]深圳大学法学院 [2]深圳大学法学院空间政策与法律研究所

出　　处：《国际法研究》2024年第4期35-53,共19页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目(21CFX088)的阶段性成果;深圳大学2035卓越研究计划(哲学社科)项目(ZYQN2308)的支持。

摘　　要：随着外空矿物资源开采技术日趋成熟,外空商业采矿逐渐成为现实。一些国家通过国内立法建立各自的外空资源开采制度,还有一些国家与美国签署了《阿尔忒弥斯协定》,这些行为已对将外空矿物资源视为“人类共同继承财产”的国际外空法体系造成冲击。因此,在联合国框架下构建外空矿物资源国际开采制度具有现实紧迫性。将外空矿物资源视为“无主物”“公有物”“共有物”的主张均存在不足,构建外空矿物资源国际开采制度宜遵循“人类共同继承财产”这一符合全人类共同利益的原则。然而,该原则目前缺乏明确的法理基础和实施路径予以支撑,各类主体如何参与以及实施开采在该原则下并不明晰,所以有必要具化“人类共同继承财产”原则,明确各参与主体的法律地位。构建外空矿物资源国际开采制度可依据“人类共同继承财产”原则,在外空矿物资源所有权归属全人类这一主张的基础上,引入业务管理权、承包权、开采权这几类衍生权作为国际组织、国家和商业实体参与外空资源开发的权利基础,适用无因管理之债理论阐明有关主体如何利用作为人类共同继承财产的外空矿物资源并实现其预期利益,并借鉴不当得利之债理论妥为顾及尚未具备参与外空资源开发能力的国家的利益。总之,应在“人类共同继承财产”原则下,以协调各方开采活动和各方利益为主线,以促进效率与公平的统一以及人类共同利益的总体提升为基调,通过建立包含自由探索、信息共享、扩大机会、公平分享、天体环境保护和设立安全区在内的多元机制,明晰外空矿物资源国际开采制度的实施路径。The technology for exploring and exploiting space mineral resources is becoming increasingly sophisticated,paving the way for the realization of commercial space mining.Some countries have unilaterally enacted domestic legislation to establish their space mining guarantee regimes,while the number of signatories to the Artemis Accords continues to grow,thereby impacting the existing framework of international space law that designates space mineral resources as the""common heritage of mankind".It is therefore urgent to establish an international regime for the exploitation of outer space mineral resources under the framework of the United Nations.A well-defined legal foundation is essential for establishing a framework for implementing an international regime governing the exploitation of mineral resources in outer space.Given the insufficiencies associated with considering outer space mineral resources as"terra nullius","commons"or"common property",it becomes crucial to construct an internationally recognized exploitation regime that restsupon a clear legal basis.Considering the limitations of the concepts of"terra nullius","commons"and"common property",it is appropriate to adopt the principle of the"common heritage of mankind"as a shared interest for all humanity,serving as a cornerstone for developing an international system to regulate the exploitation of outer space mineral resources.However,this principle lacks specific legal foundations and implementation guidelines,leaving uncertainties regarding how different entities can participate in such exploitation and how it can be effectively carried out under this principle.Therefore,it is necessary to refine further and elucidate the principle of the"common heritage of mankind"while clarifying its legal status concerning participating entities.Specifically,to establish an international system governing the exploitation of outer space mineral resources,we propose utilizing the principle of"common heritage of mankind"to introduce a concept known as"the right to op

关 键 词：外空矿物资源 所有权 国际开采制度 人类共同继承财产 外空条约 月球协定 

分 类 号：D999.1[政治法律—国际法学]