国际法普遍性的建构与解构  

Universality of International Law:Construction and De-construction

作　　者：韩驰 Han Chi

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学法律学院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2024年第4期70-87,共18页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：国际法理论中充斥的普遍性“神话”,是国际法与国际关系学者话语建构的产物。本文所讨论的国际法普遍性,仅指国际法规范/标准与效力的普遍性。国际法普遍性在发展过程中渐次呈现普世主义、特殊主义与普遍主义三种形态,并且,国际法的世界普遍性与地方普遍性相互建构与解构。普世主义的国际法世界普遍性源于自然国际法学者对万民法等普世规范的类比。在殖民时代,欧洲国际法学者通过建构自然权利和正义战争理论,借助自然法将帝国利益泛化为普遍性权利,以殖民帝国中心主义观念重塑普遍性,将其创立的欧洲公法作为殖民扩张的工具。实证国际法观念兴起以后,欧洲国际法学家利用实证主义方法,仅以欧洲地方性资源诠释普遍性,由此展现欧洲国际法特殊性的主权理论得以形成并嵌入欧洲例外论的历史逻辑中,使欧洲特殊主义地方普遍性取代普世主义世界普遍性,成为国际法普遍性的表征。在19世纪欧洲殖民实践中,欧洲国家对非欧洲国家进行“文明改造”,欧洲国际法向全球扩展,形成整全性的国际社会,欧洲国际法学者在此基础上建构出国际法的普遍主义普遍性,强调国际法适用标准和效力的普遍一致。二战后国际法理论范式的转变部分消解了国际法欧洲中心主义观念,比较国际法等研究方法塑造了复数的国际法史叙事。中国倡导包容性国际法与国际秩序观念,力图弥合普遍性与多元性的结构性矛盾,创造出一种新的国际法普遍性话语。The myth of universality that characterized the theory of international law was a discourse constructed by scholars of international law and international relations.The universality of applicable standards/rules of international law and the universality of the practical effects hereof have gradually taken the form of three types,namely,cosmopolitanism as universality,particularism as universality,and universalism as universality.World universality and local universality are constructing and deconstructing each other.Cosmopolitanism as universality originated from the analogy of natural international jurists to universal rules such as the ius gentium,and thereafter,in the colonial era,European international jurists,through the construction of the theories of ius naturale and just war,generalized the interests of the empire into universal rights with the help of the natural law,and remodelled universality with the concept of"impericentrism,"using ius publicum Europaeum as a tool for colonial expansion.After the rise of the concept of positive international law,European international jurists utilized the positivist method to reinterpret universality only in terms of European local resources,demonstrating the formation of the sovereignty theory with the particularism of European international law.The sovereignty theory embeds it in the historical logic of European exceptionalism,with"European particularism as universality replacing"cosmopolitanism as universality"as a characterization of the universality of international law.In the colonial practices in the 19th century,European countries carried out the task of"civilization transformation"on non-European countries.European international law was generalized globally to form a holistic international society,based on which European international jurists constructed the universalism as universality,emphasizing the universal consistency of the standards applied in international law.The post-war shift in the theoretical paradigm of international law has partially dissolve

关 键 词：国际法普遍性 普世主义 特殊主义 普遍主义 复数的国际法史 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]