弱定语名词——兼论定语的认知基础  

On Weak-attributive Nouns in Mandarin Chinese:A Discussion on the Cognitive Foundation of Attributives

作　　者：陈禹 刘林旭 CHEN Yu;LIU Linxu(School of Humanity,Huazhong University of Science and Technology;不详)

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学人文学院/国家语言文字推广基地 [2]深圳市高级中学文博高中

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第4期529-541,共13页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“现代汉语反意外标记的语用功能及其演化机制研究”(21CYY029)资助。

摘　　要：本文通过专题考察一类非典型名词来探求定语成分的限制性因素。现代汉语存在不适合做定语的名词,可称为“弱定语名词”。弱定语名词之弱可以体现在语法分布、语义搭配与语用环境三个层面。一般名词可充当领有定语与属性定语,两类定语的功能共性可推导出弱定语名词的重要特点,分别是低生命度、单子性、弱区别度。这些特点都可以从定中结构的认知基础——参照体-目标模型得到解释,即做定语的名词必须满足参照体的一系列要求。In Mandarin Chinese,most nouns can precede a head noun,acting as a modifier of the latter.These nouns are commonly known as attributive nouns.However,there is a small group of nouns that do not readily assume the attributive position in this language.We refer to these exceptional nouns as weak-attributive nouns(WANs hereafter).In this article,we present the distinctive traits of WANs and elucidate the reasons behind their behavior.We explore WANs from three perspectives:1)syntactic distribution,2)semantic collocation,and 3)pragmatic context.Regarding syntactic distribution,we argue that the prototypical characteristics of WANs hinders their placement in the attributive position,unlike what conventional nouns do.Regarding semantic collocation,we propose that WANs typically modify nouns using a limited set of expressions or within specific semantic categories.From a pragmatic perspective,we demonstrate that WANs are typically confined to specific,ad hoc expressions intended to achieve a rhetorical effect,often seen in literary,academic,or documentary discourses.This article primarily focuses on the first perspective.Nouns typically convey either a possessive or descriptive meaning when used as modifiers.The incompatibility of WANs with the attributive position may suggest that they inherently lack the ability to function as possessive or descriptive modifiers.We propose that nouns lacking a possessive function often exhibit low animacy.Specifically,WANs typically denote entities other than humans or animals.Moreover,WANs embody concepts of monadicity,representing entities that are physically and conceptually indivisible.However,formulating an analysis of nouns devoid of a descriptive function is challenging,given that it is a fundamental means of categorizing entities.In this article,we refer to this characteristic of WANs as low distinctiveness.Therefore,the defining traits of WANs can be summarized as follows:a noun possessing all these three features,namely low animacy,monadicity and low distinctiveness,is unequ

关 键 词：弱定语名词 生命度 单子性 区别度 参照体-目标 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]