“都”的语义特点与汉语量化研究  

The Semantics of Dou(都)and Quantification in Mandarin Chinese

作　　者：冯予力 FENG Yuli(Department of English Language and Literature,Fudan University)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学英文系

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第4期610-632,共23页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“跨语言比较视角下的居间量化词形式语义研究”(22BYY149);国家社科重大项目“形式语义学的汉语研究与形式语义学理论创新”(22&ZD295)的资助。

摘　　要：本文归纳“都”的特色语义问题(包括它对量化结构的限制、多义性以及与其他量化成分的互动),分析两类主要解决方案(全量分析方案及非全量分析方案)的关注重点、理论动因、解释力和局限性,并说明“都”的语义问题对于汉语量化理论以及普遍量化理论构建的重要启示。本文指出,相对而言,“都”的全量分析可更全面地解释“都”的量化结合限制及多重用法,而“都”的各类非量化分析可揭示量化范畴与其他概念范畴之间的内在联系。从跨语言的角度看,“都”的量化与非量化之争在量化研究历史中并不十分特殊(如也有不少分析将全称量化词的典型all看作非量化的成分);而从“都”的特色语义问题出发,发掘它与其他语言中类似成分(如日语)的共性,有助于揭示自然语言量化范畴的实现机制。This article discusses the characteristic phenomena of Chinese quantificational adverb dou(都),the ensuing theoretical questions,possible solutions,and their respective implication on the study of quantification in Chinese.It further proposes that the insights gained from the investigation of dou may be extended to semantically similar expressions in other languages.What is special in the study of quantification in Chinese is the starring role of dou.The GQT framework was first applied to dou to test its explanatory power,and was in turn challenged by dou's diverse uses(in particular its subjective use)and the compositional difficulty caused by dou's co-occurrence with semantically similar expressions.To solve the puzzles of dou,more theoretical concepts(e.g.,focus semantics,plural semantics)are added to the tool kit to make explicit the semantic restriction on its domain and scope;while other analyses propose to split universality from its semantics.The different approaches to dou and the studies of other quantificational expressions in Chinese with dou as the benchmark drive the study of quantification to the phrase of diversity.The co-occurrence of dou with other universal expressions further makes the division of labor among quantifiers a central issue,which sparks the discussion on the internal composition of quantifiers in Chinese.Whether dou is a universal quantifier draws heated debate among semanticians interested in Chinese.Comparatively,the quantificational approach to dou has a wider coverage of data than the non-quantificational approaches.Beyond the debates,we need to question further the connection between universal quantification and other nonquantificational concepts,such as exhaustification and scalarity.Only by bridging the quantificational and non-quantificational approaches can we discern the mechanism of encoding quantification in natural language.It can be said that the study of Chinese quantifiers begins with dou,is refined by dou,and is connected by dou.If we can grasp the semantics of d

关 键 词：全称量化 量化结构 “都” 跨语言对比 

分 类 号：H13[语言文字—汉语]