新出简牍与秦代土地所有制问题再探讨  

Re-discussion on the Land Ownership System in the Qin Dynasty Based on Newly Discovered Bamboo Slips

作　　者：蔡树才 Cai Shucai

机构地区：[1]闽南师大文学院

出　　处：《农业考古》2024年第4期63-72,共10页Agricultural Archaeology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“出土战国叙事文献整理与研究”(项目编号:21XZW044)。

摘　　要：学界关于秦代土地所有制性质的认识存在很大争议,出土秦简显示,秦代既存在政府直接控制、经营的大量公田或官田,也将更多土地授予民户私有并承认百姓通过继承、买卖等方式获得的土地私有权。君王并不拥有全部土地,在古代的法制史和观念史中,私有是普遍的自然法。然而古代的产权与土地所有权与源于西方的现代产权观念、物权制度存在本质差异,不能同现代私有或公有制简单划等号,它不是一个单纯的经济问题。一块土地上往往同时附着了不同身份人员的不同权利,产权不是明确、绝对、排他性的,也不是针对个体的,而是身份制和关系性的,古代没有明晰的“主体”和产权概念,而是一种模糊和混合的所有制。新中国成立以来的土地产权与所有制体系,也在一定程度上继承了这一传统,而同资本主义的土地产权制度存在根本不同。There are a lot of disputes in the academic circle about the land ownership in the Qin Dynasty.The unearthed Qin slips show that the government not only directly controlled and operated a large number of public or official fields,but also granted more land to private households and recognized the private rights of land acquired by the people through inheritance,trading and other ways.The emperor did not own all the land,and private ownership was the universal natural law in the history of ancient law and ideas.However,the ancient property right and land ownership were fundamentally different from the modern property right concept and real right system originating from the West,which cannot be equated with modern private or public ownership and not a purely economic issue.Different rights of people with different identities were often attached to a piece of land at the same time.Property rights were not clear,absolute,exclusive,nor targeted at individuals,but related to identity and relations.In ancient times,there was no clear concept of "subject" and property rights,but a vague and mixed ownership.Since the founding of the People's Republic of China,the land property rights and ownership system have inherited this tradition to some extent,and are fundamentally different from the capitalist land property rights system.

关 键 词：授田制 官田 土地私有 混合所有制 

分 类 号：K232[历史地理—历史学]