《刑法》第13条但书出罪机制的反思与重构  

Rethinking and Reconstructing of the Decriminalization Mechanism of the Proviso in Article Thirteenth of the Criminal Law

作　　者：左智鸣 ZUO Zhiming(Law School,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学法学院,天津300350

出　　处：《西南政法大学学报》2024年第4期93-108,共16页Journal of Southwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：中国法学会2023年度部级法学研究自选课题“《刑法》第13条‘但书’出罪机制的体系性构建研究”(CLS[2023]D73);2021年天津市研究生科研创新项目“罪量要素的判断规则研究”(2021YJSB026)。

摘　　要：《刑法》第13条但书规定应被解释为情节显著轻微进而可罚性不大的情形不能被评价为犯罪。通过把可罚性概念解构为应罚性和需罚性两个方面,可将应罚性不大和需罚性不大视为但书出罪的两大实质根据。在体系定位上,以应罚性不大为由的但书适用在构成要件阶层出罪,以需罚性不大为由的但书适用在有责性阶层出罪。在司法适用上,以应罚性不大为由的但书适用具有区别于构成要件实质解释的独立价值,但必须明确其出罪范围和判断标准;以需罚性不大为由的但书适用涉及刑事政策的目的性考量,对于家族内部犯罪、特殊群体犯罪、违法性认识错误的避免可能性低等情形,可通过免除行为人的罪责实现出罪。The proviso in Article thirteenth of the Criminal Law should be interpreted as meaning that factual circumstances significantly less serious and thus less punishable cannot be evaluated as crimes.By deconstructing the concept of punishability into the deservedness of punishment and the need of punishment,the minor degree of either can be regarded as the substantive reason for the decriminalization under the proviso.In terms of system position,the decriminalization of the proviso on the grounds of the minor degree of the deservedness of punishment blocks the appropriateness of the constituent elements,and the decriminalization of the proviso on the grounds of the minor degree of the need of punishment excludes the responsibility.In terms of judicial application,the application of the proviso on the grounds of the minor degree of the deservedness of punishment has an independent value distinct from the substantive interpretation of the constituent elements,but its scope and criteria must be clarified.The application of the proviso on the grounds of the minor degree of the need of punishment involves the purposive consideration of criminal policy,and in cases such as crimes committed within the family,crimes committed by special groups,and crimes committed because of a low probability of avoiding mistake in the cognition of illegality,the perpetrator can be exempted from criminal responsibility.

关 键 词：但书规定 犯罪构成体系 应罚性 需罚性 

分 类 号：DF61[政治法律—刑法学]